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Microbiomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human gut microbiome has emerged as a pivotal modulator of brain function and mental health, acting through intricate bidirectional communication along the gut\u2013brain axis. Mounting evidence suggests that microbial communities influence neurodevelopment, neurotransmission, and behavior via pathways involving the vagus nerve, immune signaling, and microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitter precursors. This review critically examines the mechanistic underpinnings of microbiota\u2013brain communication and evaluates current findings linking dysbiosis to psychiatric conditions, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and bipolar disorder. In addition, it assesses the therapeutic potential of microbiome-targeted interventions\u2014such as probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and precision dietary modulation\u2014in ameliorating neuropsychiatric symptoms. While the field holds considerable promise, limitations, including correlational study designs, small sample sizes, and a lack of standardized methodologies, underscore the need for rigorous, large-scale clinical trials. A deeper understanding of host\u2013microbe interactions may catalyze a paradigm shift in psychiatric treatment, paving the way for novel, personalized microbiome-based therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2025.1701608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T07:00:00Z","timestamp":1767769200000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The gut\u2013brain connection: microbes\u2019 influence on mental health and psychological disorders"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Pegah","family":"Ataei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Kalantari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara S.","family":"Bodnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond J.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00143","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii skews human DC to prime IL10-producing T cells through TLR2\/6\/JNK signaling and IL-10, IL-27, CD39, and IDO-1 induction","volume":"10","author":"Alameddine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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