{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:59:28Z","timestamp":1790765968919,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global health challenges associated with neurodegenerative disorders are increasing, prompting growing interest in the gut-brain axis (GBA) as a key contributor to disease pathogenesis. The GBA represents a bidirectional communication network linking the gut microbiota, immune signalling pathways, metabolic processes, and the central nervous system (CNS). This review highlights the role of the GBA in the onset and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), focusing on comparative disease mechanisms involving microbial dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. Particular emphasis is placed on alterations in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), microbial amyloids, and inflammatory mediators including tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1\u03b2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)\/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, which contribute to protein misfolding, blood-brain barrier disruption, and the accumulation of amyloid-\u03b2, hyperphosphorylated Tau, and \u03b1-synuclein. Furthermore, the review discusses recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for integrating microbiome, clinical, neuroimaging, and multi-omics datasets to improve disease prediction, biomarker discovery, and patient stratification. AI approaches, including random forest, support vector machine, convolutional neural networks, and XGBoost, together with microbiome analysis platforms such as QIIME 2 and multi-omics integration tools including mixOmics and MOFA+, are highlighted for their potential in precision neurology. Collectively, integrating GBA biology with AI-driven analytics provides promising opportunities for early diagnosis, personalised therapeutic strategies, and precision medicine to address the growing burden of neurodegenerative disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2026.1942228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:11:06Z","timestamp":1790763066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The gut-brain axis in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases: a comparative perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Riddhi","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University)","place":["Coimbatore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandhini","family":"C.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University)","place":["Coimbatore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susmita","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University)","place":["Coimbatore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajith","family":"Sathyamoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University)","place":["Coimbatore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Pitchaimuthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maths, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University)","place":["Coimbatore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murugan","family":"Sevanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to be University)","place":["Coimbatore, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08186-8","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 and tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathogenesis, mechanisms, and interplay","volume":"17","author":"Abdulkhaliq","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3826","article-title":"Exploring the serotonin\u2010probiotics\u2010gut health axis: A review of current evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Akram","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food. Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020619","article-title":"Leaky gut and the ingredients that help treat it: A review","volume":"28","author":"Aleman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaf023","article-title":"Integrating machine learning and environmental and genetic risk factors for the early detection of preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"80","author":"Al-Hammadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journals Gerontology Ser. B. psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020335","article-title":"The future of precision medicine in the cure of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Arafah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2025.1701608","article-title":"The gut\u2013brain connection: Microbes\u2019 influence on mental health and psychological disorders","volume":"4","author":"Ataei","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiomes"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.01.026","article-title":"Biomarkers for personalizing IBD therapy: The quest continues","volume":"22","author":"Atreya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2023.100561","article-title":"Multi-omics profiling for health","volume":"22","author":"Babu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003423","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in disease diagnostics: A comprehensive narrative review of current advances, applications, and future challenges in healthcare","volume":"87","author":"Baklola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-020-00775-7","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease-associated alterations of the gut microbiome predict disease-relevant changes in metabolic functions","volume":"18","author":"Baldini","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010271","article-title":"Dopamine and the gut microbiota: Interactions within the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"27","author":"Barbu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092293","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation as a bridge to understand neurodegeneration","volume":"20","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-025-00529-5","article-title":"Systemic inflammation as a central player in the initiation and development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Bayraktaroglu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa181","article-title":"Diet and the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis: Sowing the seeds of good mental health","volume":"12","author":"Berding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare6030082","article-title":"Precision medicine for Alzheimer\u2019s disease prevention","volume":"6","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30038-8","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based clustering and characterization of Parkinson\u2019s disease trajectories","volume":"13","author":"Birkenbihl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2022.102177","article-title":"Gut microbiome-mediated regulation of neuroinflammation","volume":"76","author":"Bostick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-04060-w","article-title":"The microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis: Pathways to better brain health. Perspectives on what we know, what we need to investigate and how to put knowledge into practice","volume":"79","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00307-1","article-title":"Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13062099","article-title":"Regulation of neurotransmitters by the gut microbiota and effects on cognition in neurological disorders","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2297860","article-title":"Multi-omic approaches for host-microbiome data integration","volume":"16","author":"Chetty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11795735251370014","article-title":"Management of gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Chiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cent. Nervous System Dis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2025.106870","article-title":"Role of dietary fiber and short-chain fatty acids in preventing neurodegenerative diseases through the gut-brain axis","volume":"129","author":"Choe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i28.4368","article-title":"Microbiota revolution: How gut microbes regulate our lives","volume":"29","author":"Colella","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31030490","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and microbiota-derived metabolites in neurodegenerative diseases: Molecular and biochemical mechanisms along the gut\u2013brain axis","volume":"31","author":"Czaj","year":"2026","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0674-0","article-title":"Insulin resistance and neurodegeneration: Progress towards the development of new therapeutics for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"77","author":"de la Monte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5152\/eurasianjmed.2023.23349","article-title":"Role of NLRP3 inflammasomes in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"55","author":"Demirta\u015f","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsysb.2024.1351555","article-title":"Advancing precision medicine therapeutics for Parkinson\u2019s utilizing a shared quantitative systems pharmacology model and framework","volume":"4","author":"Denaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01061-5","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplant in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Pilot study to establish safety & tolerability","volume":"11","author":"De Sciscio","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030412","article-title":"The role of diet and gut microbiota in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Dissanayaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: A narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Internal Emergency Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-023-01123-9","article-title":"Relationship between short-chain fatty acids and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A review from pathology to clinic","volume":"40","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01185-z","article-title":"Heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis and progression rates: Implications for therapeutic trials","volume":"19","author":"Duara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14020387","article-title":"Basic microbiome analysis: Analytical steps from sampling to sequencing","volume":"14","author":"Ece","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.96","article-title":"A clinicopathological approach to the diagnosis of dementia","volume":"13","author":"Elahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.100","article-title":"QIIME 2 enables comprehensive end\u2010to\u2010end analysis of diverse microbiome data and comparative studies with publicly available data","volume":"70","author":"Estaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Bioinf."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life14050559","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and human health: From metabolic pathways to current therapeutic implications","volume":"14","author":"Facchin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03196-w","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in healthcare and medicine: Clinical applications, therapeutic advances, and future perspectives","volume":"30","author":"Fahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105990","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation and gut microbiota interactions: A novel therapeutic avenue for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"169","author":"Faraji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15092211","article-title":"Short-chain fatty-acid-producing bacteria: Key components of the human gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Fusco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1369545","article-title":"Predicting Alzheimer\u2019s disease CSF core biomarkers: A multimodal machine learning approach","volume":"16","author":"Gaeta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz127","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism: A link between the gut microbiota and brain","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tma.2025.02.002","article-title":"Curli protein: A potential contributor to \u03b1-synucleopathy in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans. Med. Aging"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.62347\/AICM8774","article-title":"PET, SPECT, and MRI imaging for evaluation of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Gujral","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70540","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: The epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, prevention, and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00212","article-title":"Microbiome research is becoming the key to better understanding health and nutrition","volume":"9","author":"Hadrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00462","article-title":"Microbiome-based therapeutics for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Hamilton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1227203","article-title":"Gut microbiome association with brain imaging markers, APOE genotype, calcium and vegetable intakes, and obesity in healthy aging adults","volume":"15","author":"Hammond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05602-0","article-title":"Toward a unified framework in molecular neurobiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Revisiting the pathophysiological hypotheses","volume":"63","author":"Hein","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2019.12.021","article-title":"Enabling technologies for personalized and precision medicine","volume":"38","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27041776","article-title":"Global microbiome: Core and unique signatures across diverse populations","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102132","article-title":"AI-powered integration of multimodal imaging in precision medicine for neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71422","article-title":"Probiotics as a complementary medicine in neurologic disorders","volume":"8","author":"Jafari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2024.141018","article-title":"The molecular interplay between human and bacterial amyloids: Implications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"1872","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Proteins Proteomics"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.420","article-title":"Probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in health and disease","volume":"4","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1760096","article-title":"How gut microbiota contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders: Evidence from neuroimaging studies","volume":"17","author":"Jia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106984","article-title":"Applications of machine learning and deep learning in SPECT and PET imaging: General overview, challenges and future prospects","volume":"197","author":"Jimenez-Mesa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114185","article-title":"Gut microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Exploring pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies from a gut-brain axis perspective","volume":"29","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59530-5","article-title":"Serum neurofilament light chain and inflammatory cytokines as biomarkers for early detection of mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Jing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12884","article-title":"Precision medicine, AI, and the future of personalized health care","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13623","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 activates NLRP3 inflammasomes by affecting microglial immunometabolism through the Syk-AMPK pathway","volume":"21","author":"Jung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-025-01921-6","article-title":"Demographic drivers of gut microbiome diversity","volume":"15","author":"Kabir","year":"2025","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17081305","article-title":"Beyond the gut: Unveiling butyrate\u2019s global health impact through gut health and dysbiosis-related conditions: A narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Kalkan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244038","article-title":"Role of endogenous lipopolysaccharides in neurological disorders","volume":"11","author":"Kalyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17590914211016217","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914211016217","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Implications for Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.slast.2026.100452","article-title":"AI\/ML-enabled multi-omics integration of host genetics, immunity, and the gut microbiome in Crohn\u2019s disease: From diagnosis to theranostics","volume":"40","author":"Kedari","year":"2026","journal-title":"SLAS Technol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhs.2025.100042","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and precision medicine for optimizing patient care: A comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Khare","year":"2026","journal-title":"Intelligent Hosp."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.035","article-title":"Transneuronal propagation of pathologic \u03b1-synuclein from the gut to the brain models Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"103","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-021-00798-3","article-title":"Deep learning-based amyloid PET positivity classification model in the Alzheimer\u2019s disease continuum by using 2-[18F]FDG PET","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmorw.2026.100682","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for clinical trial design, conduct, and analysis: A narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Knapen","year":"2026","journal-title":"ESMO Real World Data Digital Oncol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1575753","article-title":"Bridging AI innovation and healthcare: Scalable clinical validation methods for voice biomarkers","volume":"7","author":"Krautz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Digital Health"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14121266","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based methodologies for early diagnostic precision and personalized therapeutic strategies in neuro-ophthalmic and neurodegenerative pathologies","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.719807","article-title":"Targeting microglial \u03b1-synuclein\/TLRs\/NF-kappaB\/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in Parkinson's disease","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.14057","article-title":"The link between gut microbiome and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: From the perspective of new revised criteria for diagnosis and staging of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01673-25","article-title":"QIIME2 enhances multi-amplicon sequencing data analysis: A standardized and validated open-source pipeline for comprehensive 16S rRNA gene profiling","volume":"13","author":"Licata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.382223","article-title":"Correlation between the gut microbiome and neurodegenerative diseases: A review of metagenomics evidence","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regener. Res."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2025.1515341","article-title":"A review of AI-based radiogenomics in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Big Data"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","article-title":"Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduction Targeted Ther."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107974","article-title":"Vagus nerve and brain\u2013gut communication in neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanism and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"221","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.12.003","article-title":"Microglia, lifestyle stress, and neurodegeneration","volume":"52","author":"Madore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17223638","article-title":"Integrating multi-omics and medical imaging in artificial intelligence-based cancer research: An umbrella review of fusion strategies and applications","volume":"17","author":"Marouf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2025.10.003","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for precision medicine","volume":"81","author":"Martel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Therapies"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-026-04318-5","article-title":"Microbiome signature of Parkinson\u2019s disease in healthy and genetically at-risk individuals","volume":"32","author":"Menozzi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037114","article-title":"The correlation between gut microbiota and both neurotransmitters and mental disorders: A narrative review","volume":"103","author":"Mhanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810041","article-title":"The role of microbial metabolites in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases\u2014therapeutic approaches: A comprehensive review","volume":"25","author":"Missiego-Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpbup.2025.100209","article-title":"Predicting Alzheimer\u2019s disease onset: A machine learning framework for early diagnosis using biomarker data","volume":"8","author":"Mohammed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomedicine Update"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071496","article-title":"Navigating challenges and opportunities in multi-omics integration for personalized healthcare","volume":"12","author":"Mohr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12122750","article-title":"Revolutionizing personalized medicine: Synergy with multi-omics data generation, main hurdles, and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Molla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06446-x","article-title":"Algorithms and tools for data-driven omics integration to achieve multilayer biological insights: A narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Morabito","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.07.597975","article-title":"\u03b1-synuclein overexpression and the microbiome shape the gut and brain metabolome in mice","volume":"10","author":"Morais","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-025-04105-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation in the management of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Nabil","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Neurol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-026-00931-7","article-title":"Multi-omics insights into GBA1-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease: Interplay of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics","volume":"21","author":"Ni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982","article-title":"The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis: Therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"O\u2019Riordan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/ent.2025.1004129","article-title":"Therapeutic role of probiotics in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"P\u00e1ez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Explor. Neuroprotective Ther."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/24705470221076390","article-title":"The role of lipopolysaccharide-induced cell signalling in chronic inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Page","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chronic Stress"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.5c00063","article-title":"Interplay of neuroinflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease using diffusion kurtosis imaging biomarker in 3 \u00d7 Tg-AD mouse models","volume":"16","author":"Palanivelu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011234","article-title":"Dopamine transporter imaging, current status of a potential biomarker: A comprehensive review","volume":"22","author":"Palermo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01333-3","article-title":"Beyond the gut: Decoding the gut\u2013immune\u2013brain axis in health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano15120895","article-title":"Multimodal AI in biomedicine: Pioneering the future of biomaterials, diagnostics, and personalized healthcare","volume":"15","author":"Parvin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibneur.2025.02.002","article-title":"Advancing Alzheimer\u2019s therapy: Computational strategies and treatment innovations","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2025","journal-title":"IBRO Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070753","article-title":"Extreme gradient boosting tuned with metaheuristic algorithms for predicting myeloid NGS onco-somatic variant pathogenicity","volume":"10","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel Switzerland)"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.768108","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption by lipopolysaccharide and sepsis-associated encephalopathy","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13545-8","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome in the progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review of patient cohorts","volume":"273","author":"Peters","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209383","article-title":"Gut microbiota as an endocrine organ: Unveiling its role in human physiology and health","volume":"14","author":"Pires","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15121260","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein neurobiology in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A comprehensive review of its role, mechanisms, and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"15","author":"Pitton Rissardo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1695412","article-title":"Effects of a Mediterranean diet and structured exercise intervention on selected anthropometric, cardiovascular, and metabolic variables in physically inactive adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Prieto-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.1215","article-title":"Mechanisms of short-chain fatty acids derived from gut microbiota in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127858","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulates neurotransmitter and gut-brain signaling","volume":"287","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00574-4","article-title":"ApoE in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies","volume":"17","author":"Raulin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-025-01609-2","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids as a therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease: Implications for neurodegeneration","volume":"45","author":"Ravi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2025.1557177","article-title":"Advancements in deep learning for early diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease using multimodal neuroimaging: Challenges and future directions","volume":"19","author":"Raza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinf."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56829-3","article-title":"Machine learning-based meta-analysis reveals gut microbiome alterations associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Romano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1128619","article-title":"The future is precision medicine-guided diagnoses, preventions and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"15","author":"Rossi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1710088","article-title":"Dietary polyphenols maintain human health through modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Rudrapal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1130689","article-title":"Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"14","author":"Rusch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071775","article-title":"Butyrate and the intestinal epithelium: Modulation of proliferation and inflammation in homeostasis and disease","volume":"10","author":"Salvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.17023","article-title":"Microbial amyloids in neurodegenerative amyloid diseases","volume":"292","author":"Sampson","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000177","article-title":"Epidemiology and biological plausibility in assessing causality","volume":"5","author":"Savitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2023.114574","article-title":"Gut-to-brain spreading of pathology in synucleinopathies: A focus on molecular signalling mediators","volume":"452","author":"Schmitt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118531","article-title":"Targeting protein misfolding in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The emerging role of molecular chaperones","volume":"191","author":"Sharma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70168","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis: Pathogenesis, diseases, prevention, and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105840","article-title":"The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders","volume":"172","author":"Soca\u0142a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1149618","article-title":"Emerging role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"14","author":"Solanki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2209.09050","article-title":"Personalized diets based on the gut microbiome as a target for health maintenance: From current evidence to future possibilities","volume":"32","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00701","article-title":"Application of precision medicine in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Strafella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-020-00127-w","article-title":"Mining genetic and transcriptomic data using machine learning approaches in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01217-2","article-title":"Digital biomarkers for precision diagnosis and monitoring in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digital Med."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.878239","article-title":"Update to the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease based on the gut-brain axis mechanism","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118861","article-title":"Microbiota-brain interaction: The role of gut-derived proteins in addressing various neurological disorders including Parkinson\u2019s (PD) and Alzheimer\u2019s diseases (AD)","volume":"193","author":"Taj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151161","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: Bridging gaps, building biomarkers, and reimagining clinical translation","volume":"14","author":"Tanaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2024.11.007","article-title":"Leveraging human microbiomes for disease prediction and treatment","volume":"46","author":"Tegegne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11193094","article-title":"Postbiotics: Current trends in food and pharmaceutical industry","volume":"11","author":"Thorakkattu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17121564","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in biomedicine: A systematic review from nanomedicine to neurology and hepatology","volume":"17","author":"Trasca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1638340","article-title":"AI-driven precision diagnosis and treatment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A comprehensive review and experimental analysis","volume":"17","author":"Twala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000043542","article-title":"Unveiling the therapeutic potential of the gut microbiota\u2013brain axis: Novel insights and clinical applications in neurological disorders","volume":"104","author":"Ugwu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1225875","article-title":"The gut microbiota\u2013brain axis in neurological disorder","volume":"17","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70942","article-title":"Neuroimaging correlates and biomarker performance of a fully automated plasma p\u2010tau217\/A\u03b242 ratio assay in a clinical cohort with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Um","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fchbi.2026.1836070","article-title":"Zinc-binding proteins in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and natural compound interventions","volume":"5","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2025.03.009","article-title":"Microbiome-based dietary supplements for better development and healthy brain","volume":"180","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01263-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolites in Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis: Implications for precision therapeutics","volume":"18","author":"Vaziri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Brain."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/a18060368","article-title":"Synthesizing explainability across multiple ML models for structured data","volume":"18","author":"Veledar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Algorithms"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211207","article-title":"Neurodegeneration as ecosystem failure: A new paradigm for prevention and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Velikic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/proteomes12030025","article-title":"Transforming clinical research: The power of high-throughput omics integration","volume":"12","author":"Vitorino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proteomes"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s44163-025-00358-x","article-title":"Multimodal approaches and AI-driven innovations in dementia diagnosis: A systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Wahul","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Artif. Intell."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2937","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2024.1071","article-title":"The expanding burden of neurodegenerative diseases: An unmet medical and social need","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153837","article-title":"Precision medicine: Disease subtyping and tailored treatment","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-018-0491-7","article-title":"Host and microbiome multi-omics integration: Applications and methodologies","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biophys. Rev."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2026.106383","article-title":"Metabolomic signatures for diagnosis and clinical severity in Parkinson's disease","volume":"130","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.959856","article-title":"Gut microbiota, pathogenic proteins and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13390","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for biomarker discovery in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and dementia","volume":"19","author":"Winchester","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188931","article-title":"Altered gut microbial diversity and depletion of SCFA-producing taxa associated with ASD-like phenotypes in a prenatal VPA rat model","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.08.003","article-title":"Gut-induced alpha-synuclein and tau propagation initiate Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease co-pathology and behavior impairments","volume":"112","author":"Xiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2412.12001","article-title":"Advancing gut microbiome research: The shift from metagenomics to multi-omics and future perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.03.017","article-title":"Interactions between gut microbes and NLRP3 inflammasome in the gut-brain axis","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01155","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212707","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and the gut: Symptoms, nutrition, and microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Yemula","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qub2.70002","article-title":"Revolutionizing multi\u2010omics analysis with artificial intelligence and data processing","volume":"13","author":"Yetgin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quant. Biol."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101587","article-title":"Gut microbiota and immune system interactions","volume":"8","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2022.0160","article-title":"Long short-term memory-based deep learning models for screening Parkinson\u2019s disease using sequential diagnostic codes","volume":"19","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2020.03.006","article-title":"Vagal sensory neurons and gut-brain signaling","volume":"62","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12121222","article-title":"Microbiome and metabolome insights into the role of the gastrointestinal\u2013brain axis in Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Unveiling potential therapeutic targets","volume":"12","author":"Zacharias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01219-9","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in diseases","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signaling"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-023-00392-8","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and gut microbiota: From clinical to mechanistic and therapeutic studies","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trans. Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70012","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease: Advances and future prospects","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-024-00437-6","article-title":"Clinical, mechanistic, biomarker, and therapeutic advances in GBA1-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans. Neurodegeneration"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1607924","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in neurodegenerative diseases research: A bibliometric analysis since 2000","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114985","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A review","volume":"164","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Research"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214631","article-title":"Understanding the gut\u2013brain axis and its therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1766850","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals the involvement of the gut-brain axis in children with autism","volume":"17","author":"Zhong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2024-0097","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-driven transformative applications in disease diagnosis technology","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.70122","article-title":"Relationship between language features extracted through NLP and clinically diagnosed Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment in Slovak","volume":"17","author":"Zozuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia: Diagnosis Assess. Dis. Monit."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiomes"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frmbi.2026.1942228\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:11:08Z","timestamp":1790763068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frmbi.2026.1942228\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":175,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frmbi.2026.1942228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frmbi.2026.1942228","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-4338"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-4338","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"article-number":"1942228"}}