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To this end, the robot\u2019s perceived social presence is of crucial importance. Social presence (or co-presence) refers to the sense of being with another person and depends on how easily one feels able to access that person\u2019s intelligence, intentions, and sensory impressions. This study examined the potential of robots\u2019 cognitive abilities for social dialogic interactions with humans, such as (i) unrestricted conversational abilities, (ii) the incorporation of visual cues into interactions, and (iii) memories of individual encounters, and investigates the perceived social presence in each case. In addition, we evaluated the degree of anthropomorphism using the Human-Robot Interaction Evaluation Scale. Our results show a trend toward a higher degree of social presence in terms of visual perception, but only one statistically significant difference out of a total of seven questions on this topic. Memories, as well, had only one statistically significant influence, namely, on the anthropomorphic dimension of disturbance. Gender-specific differences were observed with regard to social presence and the anthropomorphic dimensions. However, these differences are most likely attributable to professional background or certain predispositions rather than to gender itself.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2026.1938840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:49:48Z","timestamp":1790830188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["How to express social presence: a comparison of perceptions of social robots\u2019 cognitive abilities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sievers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Systems, University of Luebeck","place":["L\u00fcbeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nele","family":"Russwinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Systems, University of Luebeck","place":["L\u00fcbeck, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1109\/HRI61500.2025.10973830","article-title":"I was blind but now i see: implementing vision-enabled dialogue in social robots","author":"Abbo","year":"2025","journal-title":"2025 20th ACM\/IEEE Int. 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