{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T17:49:47Z","timestamp":1792259387264,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004482","name":"Kuwait University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SRUL 01\/14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRUL 01\/14"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004482","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory oral infection is the outcome of disturbances in the homeostasis of the oral biofilm microbiota. A number of studies have found the occurrence of <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> species in elevated levels in periodontitis compared to healthy subjects. Even though different aspects of <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> as part of oral biofilm have been studied, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> biofilms formed by these species have not been characterized systematically. The objective of this study was to characterize biofilms formed by several <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> species and further to assess biofilm inhibition and detachment of preformed biofilms.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Biofilms were grown in 24-well plates containing brucella broth in anaerobic conditions for 3 days, and were quantified using crystal violet staining. Images of SYTO 9 Green fluorescent stained biofilms were captured using confocal microscopy. Biofilm inhibition and detachment by proteinase and DNase I was tested. The biochemical characterization included quantification of proteins and DNA in the biofilms and biofilm-supernatants.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>Prevotella loescheii, Prevotella oralis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Prevotella nigrescens<\/jats:italic> showed highest biofilm formation. <jats:italic>P. nigrescens<\/jats:italic> formed significantly higher amounts of biofilms than <jats:italic>P. loescheii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.005) and <jats:italic>P. oralis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.0013). Inhibition of biofilm formation was significant only in the case of <jats:italic>P. oralis<\/jats:italic> when treated with proteinase (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.037), whereas with DNase I treatment, the inhibition was not significant (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.531). Overall, proteinase was more effective in biofilm detachment than DNase I. Protein and DNA content were higher in biofilm than the supernatant with the highest amounts found in <jats:italic>P. nigrescens<\/jats:italic> biofilm and supernatants. <jats:italic>P. oralis<\/jats:italic> biofilms appeared to secrete large amounts of proteins extracellularly into the biofilm-supernatants.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Significant differences among <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> species to form biofilms may imply their variable abilities to get integrated into oral biofilm communities. Of the species that were able to grow as biofilms, DNase I and proteinase inhibited the biofilm growth or were able to cause biofilm detachment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.724194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T14:59:22Z","timestamp":1633877962000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["In vitro Characterization of Biofilm Formation in Prevotella Species"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Shurooq Zakariya","family":"Albaghdadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenan Bader","family":"Altaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Drobiova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika G.","family":"Bhardwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribasappa","family":"Karched","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2004.11.006","article-title":"Biofilms: the matrix revisited","volume":"13","author":"Branda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21838","article-title":"Medical biofilms. 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