{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T20:27:39Z","timestamp":1777062459662,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> serotype <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> strains comprise &amp;lt;3% of oral isolates of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> but are prominent in diseased cardiovascular (CV) tissue. Collagen binding protein (CBP) genes, <jats:italic>cbm<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>, are prevalent in serotype <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> strains and are associated with endothelial cell invasion. Nicotine increases biofilm formation by serotype <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> strains of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>, but its effects on serotype <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> strains and strains with CBP are unknown. Saliva contains arginine which alters certain properties of the extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) in <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> biofilm. We examined whether nicotine and arginine affect sucrose-induced biofilm of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> serotypes <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 23) and <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10) strains with and without CBP genes. Biofilm mass, metabolism, bacterial proliferation, and EPS production were assessed. Nicotine increased biomass and metabolic activity (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001); arginine alone had no effect. The presence of a CBP gene (either <jats:italic>cbm<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic>) had a significant effect on biofilm production, but serotype did not. Nicotine increased bacterial proliferation and the effect was greater in CBP + strains compared to strains lacking CBP genes. Addition of arginine with nicotine decreased both bacterial mass and EPS compared to biofilm grown in nicotine alone. EPS production was greater in <jats:italic>cnm<\/jats:italic> + than <jats:italic>cbm<\/jats:italic> + strains (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001). Given the findings of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> in diseased CV tissue, a nicotine induced increase in biofilm production by CBP + strains may be a key link between tobacco use and CV diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.764784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T23:37:48Z","timestamp":1638315468000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analyses of the Effects of Arginine, Nicotine, Serotype and Collagen-Binding Proteins on Biofilm Development by 33 Strains of Streptococcus mutans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Dawn R.","family":"Wagenknecht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard 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