{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:40:37Z","timestamp":1792122037196,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic oral graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a complex, frequent, and highly impactful complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT). It represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in long-term alloHCT survivors. cGVHD can affect almost any visceral organ system and commonly affects the skin, eyes and mouth, manifesting with signs and symptoms similar to other known immune-mediated and autoimmune diseases. Oral manifestations of GVHD include inflammation, thinning, and ulceration of oral mucosal tissues (similar to lichen planus), lymphocyte-mediated salivary gland dysfunction (similar to Sj\u00f6gren\/Sicca Syndrome), and decreased oral opening (trismus) secondary to sclerosis of oral and perioral tissues (analogous to limitation in scleroderma). Potential sequelae include severe mucosal pain, compromised nutrition, weight loss, limitation in opening, and sometimes irreversible fibrosis of the salivary glands. While some cases can be managed with topical therapies, management may also require long-term targeted immunosuppressive and\/or corticosteroid therapy with associated risk of local and systemic infection, hyperglycemia, kidney dysfunction, osteopenia\/osteoporosis, and possibly secondary malignancies. The aim of this mini-review is to provide an up-to-date review of literature related to the diagnosis and management of oral cGVHD to aid dental and medical clinicians in optimizing oral cGVHD therapy while minimizing potential adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2022.903154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T10:08:46Z","timestamp":1653041326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Oral Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Dean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herve","family":"Sroussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2008.1.134","article-title":"Recognizing and managing chronic graft-versus-host disease hematology","volume":"2008","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.10.018","article-title":"Late acute and chronic graft-versus-Host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Arora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-07-686642","article-title":"Classification systems for chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"129","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.10.021","article-title":"Increasing incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic transplantation: a report from the center for international blood and marrow transplant research","volume":"21","author":"Arai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-02-003954","article-title":"Impact of chronic graft-versus-host disease on the health status of hematopoietic cell transplantation survivors: a report from the bone marrow transplant survivor study","volume":"108","author":"Fraser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4651","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-11-319509","article-title":"Patient\u2013reported quality of life is associated with severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease as measured by NIH criteria: report on baseline data from the chronic GVHD consortium","volume":"117","author":"Pidala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2021.3676","article-title":"Trends in late mortality and life expectancy after allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation over 4 decades: a Blood or marrow transplant survivor study report","volume":"7","author":"Bhatia","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199907013410103","article-title":"Long-term survival and late deaths after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. late effects working committee of the international bone marrow transplant registry","volume":"341","author":"Socie","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.33.7212","article-title":"Long-term survival and late deaths after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Wingard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.26.7757","article-title":"Relapse and late mortality in 5\u2013year survivors of myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia in first chronic phase","volume":"28","author":"Goldman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.6693","article-title":"Life expectancy in patients surviving more than 5 years after hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515570942","article-title":"Oral disease profiles in chronic graft versus host disease","volume":"94","author":"Bassim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2010.03.023","article-title":"Salivary gland involvement in chronic graft-versus-host disease: prevalence, clinical significance, and recommendations for evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Imanguli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgz007","article-title":"Oral complications of chronic graft-versus-Host disease","volume":"2019","author":"Fall\u2013Dickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1188\/15.ONF.265-275","article-title":"cytokines and quality of life in patients diagnosed with chronic graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"42","author":"Lynch Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol Nurs Forum."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12812","article-title":"Oral chronic graft-versus-host disease in Australia: clinical features challenges in management","volume":"45","author":"Hull","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2010.01.017","article-title":"Oral symptom intensity, health-related quality of life, and correlative salivary cytokines in adult survivors of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with oral chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"16","author":"Fall\u2013Dickson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2013.137","article-title":"Validation of the national institutes of health chronic GVHD oral mucosal score using component\u2013specific measures","volume":"49","author":"Bassim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3407","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-393389","article-title":"How we treat oral chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"120","author":"Treister","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2007.10.004","article-title":"Oral graft-versus-host disease","volume":"52","author":"Schubert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2005.06.002","article-title":"Oral chronic graft-versus-host disease in pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Treister","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12028","article-title":"Oral chronic graft-versus-host disease: current pathogenesis, therapy, and research","volume":"19","author":"Mays","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.02.022","article-title":"Economic and practical considerations in the treatment of oral mucosal chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"24","author":"Elad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-012-1463-2","article-title":"Oral bacteria and yeasts in relationship to oral ulcerations in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients","volume":"20","author":"Laheij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B25","first-page":"167","article-title":"Salivary gland involvement in graft-versus-host disease: the underlying mechanism implicated treatment","volume":"6","author":"Nagler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"227","article-title":"Major salivary gland involvement in graft-versus-host disease: considerations related to pathogenesis, the role of cytokines and therapy","volume":"5","author":"Nagler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cytokines Cell Mol Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2012.04.009","article-title":"Extensive dental caries in patients with oral chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"18","author":"Castellarin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-018-2520-5","article-title":"Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) of the tongue and of the oral cavity: a large retrospective study","volume":"108","author":"Piccin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411970080020701","article-title":"Graft-vs-host disease","volume":"8","author":"Woo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2009.237","article-title":"Taste disorders and oral evaluation in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic sCT","volume":"45","author":"Boer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2017.10.022","article-title":"Unlocking the complex flavors of dysgeusia after hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Scordo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-010-0450-6","article-title":"Oral chronic graft-versus-host disease: report from the international consensus conference on clinical practice in cGVHD","volume":"15","author":"Meier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2005.09.004","article-title":"National institutes of health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: diagnosis i, and staging working group report","volume":"11","author":"Filipovich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.12.001","article-title":"National institutes of health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: i","volume":"21","author":"Jagasia","year":"2015","journal-title":"the"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-01-0011","article-title":"Comparison of chronic graft-versus-host disease after transplantation of peripheral blood stem cells versus bone marrow in allogeneic recipients: Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial","volume":"100","author":"Flowers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4242","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-03-344390","article-title":"Global and organ-specific chronic graft-versus-host disease severity according to the (2005) NIH consensus criteria","volume":"118","author":"Arai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.285","article-title":"Measurement of oral chronic GVHD: results from the chronic GVHD consortium","volume":"48","author":"Treister","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2011.77","article-title":"Oral epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: clinical presentation and treatment outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Mawardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2018874115","article-title":"Total body irradiation dose and risk of subsequent neoplasms following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"133","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2010.163","article-title":"High incidence of oral squamous cell carcinoma independent of HPV infection after allogeneic hematopoietic SCT in taiwan","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3802","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-09-3411","article-title":"Impact of chronic GVHD therapy on the development of squamous-cell cancers after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: an international case-control study","volume":"105","author":"Curtis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.12.008","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity associated with graft versus host disease: report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"100","author":"Demarosi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-3284-1-29","article-title":"Oral carcinoma after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-a new classification based on a literature review over 30 years","volume":"1","author":"Kruse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Head Neck Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2006.01.008","article-title":"Measuring therapeutic response in chronic graft-versus-host disease: national institutes of health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: iv. response criteria working group report","volume":"12","author":"Pavletic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30256-X","article-title":"Prophylaxis and management of graft versus host disease after stem-cell transplantation for haematological malignancies: updated consensus recommendations of the european society for blood and marrow transplantation","volume":"7","author":"Penack","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.02.025","article-title":"Measuring therapeutic response in chronic graft-versus-host disease. national institutes of health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: iv. the 2014 response criteria working group report","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1053\/bbmt.2002.v8.pm12234170","article-title":"and validation of a scale to measure symptoms of chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45S","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512450881","article-title":"Oral chronic graft-vs-host disease characterization using the NIH scale","volume":"91","author":"Fassil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2011.04.002","article-title":"A multicenter pilot evaluation of the national institutes of health chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) therapeutic response measures: feasibility, interrater reliability, and minimum detectable change","volume":"17","author":"Mitchell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2009.09.010","article-title":"Oral chronic graft-versus-host disease scoring using the NIH consensus criteria","volume":"16","author":"Treister","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2009.08.018","article-title":"Validation of the national institutes of health (NIH) scale for oral chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD)","volume":"16","author":"Elad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/2040620713489842","article-title":"and management of graft-versus-host disease: improving response and survival","volume":"4","author":"Garnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther Adv Hematol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0356-4","article-title":"Dissecting the biology of allogeneic hSCT to enhance the gvT effect whilst minimizing GVHD","volume":"17","author":"Blazar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"248","article-title":"Antileukemic effect of graft-versus-host disease contributes to improved survival after allogeneic marrow transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Weiden","year":"1981","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V75.3.555.555","article-title":"Graft-versus-leukemia reactions after bone marrow transplantation","volume":"75","author":"Horowitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.1.48","article-title":"Therapy for chronic graft-versus-host disease: a randomized trial comparing cyclosporine plus prednisone versus prednisone alone","volume":"100","author":"Koc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.2.546.bloodjournal722546","article-title":"Prednisone and azathioprine compared with prednisone and placebo for treatment of chronic graft-vs-host disease: prognostic influence of prolonged thrombocytopenia after allogeneic marrow transplantation","volume":"72","author":"Sullivan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1053\/bbmt.2001.v7.pm11400948","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of thalidomide, cyclosporine, and prednisone versus cyclosporine and prednisone as initial therapy for chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"7","author":"Arora","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-08-551994","article-title":"How we treat chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"125","author":"Flowers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B60","unstructured":"FDA expands ibrutinib indications to chronic GVHDFood US, Drug Administration. FDA"},{"key":"B61","unstructured":"FDA approves ruxolitinib for chronic graft-versus-host disease"},{"key":"B62","unstructured":"FDA approves Belumosudil for chronic graft-versus-host disease"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20814","article-title":"The effect of budesonide mouthwash on oral chronic graft versus host disease","volume":"82","author":"Sari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0200","article-title":"Duration of immunosuppressive treatment for chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"104","author":"Stewart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2015.03.024","article-title":"National institutes of health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: the 2014 ancillary therapy and supportive care working group report","volume":"21","author":"Carpenter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12936","article-title":"Chronic graft-versus-host disease: current management paradigm and future perspectives","volume":"25","author":"Mawardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2006.02.003","article-title":"Ancillary therapy and supportive care of chronic graft-versus-host disease: national institutes of health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: v. ancillary therapy and supportive care working group report","volume":"12","author":"Couriel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2011.06.001","article-title":"Improvement in oral chronic graft-versus-host disease with the administration of effervescent tablets of topical budesonide-an open, randomized, multicenter study","volume":"18","author":"Elad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2012.05.016","article-title":"Clinical benefit of response in chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"18","author":"Inamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12429","article-title":"Oral chronic GVHD outcomes and resource utilization: a subanalysis from the chronic GVHD consortium","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2009.301","article-title":"Combined topical dexamethasone\/tacrolimus therapy for management of oral chronic GVHD","volume":"45","author":"Mawardi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2016.08.020","article-title":"An open-Label phase iI randomized trial of topical dexamethasone and tacrolimus solutions for the treatment of oral chronic graft-versus-Host disease","volume":"22","author":"Treister","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2004.02.003","article-title":"Severe oral chronic graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: highly effective treatment with topical tacrolimus","volume":"40","author":"Eckardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.4.613","article-title":"Successful treatment of oral lichen planus-like chronic graft-versus-host disease with topical tacrolimus: a case report","volume":"75","author":"Sanchez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2006.00666.x","article-title":"Oral graft vs. host disease in children-treatment with topical tacrolimus ointment","volume":"11","author":"Albert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Transplant"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(96)80198-3","article-title":"Topical cyclosporine in a bioadhesive for treatment of oral lichenoid mucosal reactions: an open label clinical trial","volume":"82","author":"Epstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13676","article-title":"Topical sirolimus for management of refractory oral chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"27","author":"Treister","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1702192","article-title":"Topical azathioprine in the combined treatment of chronic oral graft-versus-host disease","volume":"25","author":"Epstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.111130","article-title":"Topical azathioprine in the treatment of immune\u2013mediated chronic oral inflammatory conditions: a series of cases","volume":"91","author":"Epstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.178","article-title":"Topical thalidomide gel in oral chronic GVHD and role of in situ cytokine expression in monitoring biological activity","volume":"48","author":"St John","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-020-05626-3","article-title":"Chronic oral graft-versus-host disease: induction and maintenance therapy with photobiomodulation therapy","volume":"29","author":"Epstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2004.00102.x","article-title":"Oral pUVA and topical steroids for treatment of oral manifestations of chronic graft-vs-host disease","volume":"20","author":"Wolff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(98)90123-8","article-title":"Treatment of oral chronic graft-versus-host disease with pUVA therapy: case report and literature review","volume":"86","author":"Redding","year":"1998","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S1079-2104(99)70059-4","article-title":"Ultraviolet b irradiation: a new therapeutic concept for the management of oral manifestations of graft-versus-host disease","volume":"88","author":"Elad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2010.06.015","article-title":"Consensus conference on clinical practice in chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): first-line and topical treatment of chronic GVHD","volume":"16","author":"Wolff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2010.05.011","article-title":"Consensus conference on clinical practice in chronic GVHD: second-Line treatment of chronic graft-versus-Host disease","volume":"17","author":"Wolff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2503-x","article-title":"Clinical approach in the management of oral chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) in a series of specialized medical centers","volume":"23","author":"Elad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.04.009","article-title":"Randomized double-blind clinical trial comparing clobetasol and dexamethasone for the topical treatment of symptomatic oral chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"20","author":"Noce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp120567","article-title":"Comparison of budesonide and dexamethasone for local treatment of oral chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"70","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2010.03591.x","article-title":"HPA-suppressive effects of aqueous clobetasol propionate in the treatment of patients with oral lichen planus","volume":"24","author":"Gonzalez-Moles","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2019.07.024","article-title":"Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide therapy for inflammatory oral ulcers","volume":"128","author":"Fantozzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000077761","article-title":"Salivary enhancement therapies","volume":"38","author":"Fox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2008.01448.x","article-title":"Oral graft-versus-host disease","volume":"14","author":"Imanguli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2021.02.020","article-title":"Use of prescription sialagogues for management of xerostomia in chronic graft-versus-host-disease","author":"Mousavian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199709055591","article-title":"Pilocarpine hydrochloride for symptomatic relief of xerostomia due to chronic graft-versus-host disease or total\u2013body irradiation after bone-marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies","volume":"24","author":"Singhal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1701752","article-title":"Pilocarpine hydrochloride relieves xerostomia in chronic graft-versus-host disease: a sialometrical study","volume":"23","author":"Nagler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(01)00035-8","article-title":"The effect of pilocarpine on salivary constituents in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"46","author":"Nagler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705621","article-title":"Effect of pilocarpine hydrochloride on unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and composition in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD)","volume":"39","author":"Agha-Hosseini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/scd.12010","article-title":"Efficacy of cevimeline vs. pilocarpine in the secretion of saliva: a pilot study","volume":"33","author":"Brimhall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spec Care Dentist"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.11.1293","article-title":"Cevimeline for the treatment of xerostomia in patients with sjogren syndrome: a randomized trial","volume":"162","author":"Fife","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2006.03.010","article-title":"Cevimeline reduced mouth dryness and increased salivary flow in patients with xerostomia complicating chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"12","author":"Carpenter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-014-2378-x","article-title":"Basic oral care for hematology-oncology patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients: a position paper from the joint task force of the multinational association of supportive care in cancer\/International society of oral oncology (MASCC\/ISOO) and the european society for blood and marrow transplantation (EBMT)","volume":"23","author":"Elad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B103","unstructured":""},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.1999.tb02018.x","article-title":"Systemic absorption of lidocaine after topical application for the treatment of oral mucositis in bone marrow transplantation patients","volume":"28","author":"Elad","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00498-0","article-title":"Lidocaine toxicity during frequent viscous lidocaine use for painful tongue ulcer","volume":"24","author":"Yamashita","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-2-16","article-title":"Lidocaine induced methemoglobinemia after bronchoscopy: a case report","volume":"2","author":"Kwok","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.44.3.234","article-title":"Severe methaemoglobinaemia after flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy","volume":"44","author":"Kotler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670979","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/670979","article-title":"An atypical case of methemoglobinemia due to self-administered benzocaine","volume":"2015","author":"Nappe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Emerg Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-863","article-title":"A reappraisal of the quantitative relationship between sugar intake and dental caries: the need for new criteria for developing goals for sugar intake","volume":"14","author":"Sheiham","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513508954","article-title":"Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: systematic review to inform WHO guidelines","volume":"93","author":"Moynihan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.5","article-title":"Recommended screening and preventive practices for long-term survivors after hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"47","author":"Majhail","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt558","article-title":"Continuing increased risk of oral\/esophageal cancer after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adults in association with chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"25","author":"Atsuta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2007.0104","article-title":"A survey of the current approaches to diagnosis and management of oral premalignant lesions","volume":"138","author":"Epstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-158782","article-title":"Solid cancers after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"113","author":"Rizzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2015.63","article-title":"Secondary solid cancer screening following hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"50","author":"Inamoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3181f9caaa","article-title":"Oral cancer in patients after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: Long-term follow-up suggests an increased risk for recurrence","volume":"90","author":"Elad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1704706","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of secondary malignancies in adults after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2022.903154\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T10:08:54Z","timestamp":1653041334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2022.903154\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"references-count":117,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/froh.2022.903154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/froh.2022.903154","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]]},"article-number":"903154"}}