{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T06:25:43Z","timestamp":1793514343193,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The purpose of this narrative review is to highlight the importance of microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. These diseases, involving gingivitis and periodontitis are inflammatory conditions initiated and maintained by the polymicrobial dental plaque\/biofilm. Gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory condition while periodontitis involves also irreversible destruction of the periodontal tissues including the alveolar bone. The inflammatory response of the host is a natural reaction to the formation of plaque and the continuous release of metabolic waste products. The microorganisms grow in a nutritious and shielded niche in the periodontal pocket, protected from natural cleaning forces such as saliva. It is a paradox that the consequences of the enhanced inflammatory reaction also enable more slow-growing, fastidious, anaerobic bacteria, with often complex metabolic pathways, to colonize and thrive. Based on complex food chains, nutrient networks and bacterial interactions, a diverse microbial community is formed and established in the gingival pocket. This microbiota is dominated by anaerobic, often motile, Gram-negatives with proteolytic metabolism. Although this alternation in bacterial composition often is considered pathologic, it is a natural development that is promoted by ecological factors and not necessarily a true \u201cdysbiosis\u201d. Normal commensals are adapting to the gingival crevice when tooth cleaning procedures are absent. The proteolytic metabolism is highly complex and involves a number of metabolic pathways with production of a cascade of metabolites in an unspecific manner. The metabolites involve short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, and valeric acid), amines (indole, scatole, cadaverine, putrescine, spermine, spermidine) and gases (NH\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    , CO, NO, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    S, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). A homeostatic condition is often present between the colonizers and the host response, where continuous metabolic fluctuations are balanced by the inflammatory response. While it is well established that the effect of the dental biofilm on the host response and tissue repair is mediated by microbial metabolites, the mechanisms behind the tissue destruction (loss of clinical attachment and bone) are still poorly understood. Studies addressing the functions of the microbiota, the metabolites, and how they interplay with host tissues and cells, are therefore warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2023.1210200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:56:32Z","timestamp":1686704192000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Microbial metabolites in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Amina","family":"Basic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar","family":"Dahl\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11234","article-title":"Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome","volume":"486","author":"Huttenhower","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865","article-title":"The oral microbiome\u2014an update for oral healthcare professionals","volume":"221","author":"Kilian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"201","article-title":"Oral microbiology and the immune response","volume-title":"Oral microbiology and immunology","author":"Cole MFL","year":"2006"},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Oral microbiology","author":"Marsh PDM","year":"2009"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12939","article-title":"Plaque-induced gingivitis: case definition and diagnostic considerations","volume":"45","author":"Trombelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1965.36.3.177","article-title":"Experimental gingivitis in man","volume":"36","author":"Loe","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1966.tb01842.x","article-title":"Experimental gingivitis in man. II. A longitudinal clinical and bacteriological investigation","volume":"1","author":"Theilade","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.21.3.830-839.1978","article-title":"Bacteriology of human experimental gingivitis: effect of plaque and gingivitis score","volume":"21","author":"Loesche","year":"1978","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.38.2.651-667.1982","article-title":"Bacteriology of experimental gingivitis in young adult humans","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12473","article-title":"Periodontal microbiology and microbial etiology of periodontal diseases: historical concepts and contemporary perspectives","author":"Belibasakis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514542468","article-title":"Newly identified pathogens associated with periodontitis: a systematic review","volume":"93","author":"Perez-Chaparro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x","article-title":"Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque","volume":"25","author":"Socransky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1978.tb01913.x","article-title":"Relative distribution of bacteria at clinically healthy and periodontally diseased sites in humans","volume":"5","author":"Listgarten","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1985.56.12.740","article-title":"Microscopic monitoring of pathogens associated with periodontal diseases. A review","volume":"56","author":"Greenstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.21-0120","article-title":"Dysbiosis revisited: understanding the role of the oral microbiome in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis: a critical assessment","volume":"92","author":"Scannapieco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1159\/000488948","article-title":"Caries and periodontitis: contesting the conventional wisdom on their aetiology","volume":"52","author":"Manji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515606045","article-title":"Oral microbiome metabolism: from \u201cwho are they?\u201d to \u201cwhat are they doing?","volume":"94","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"\u201d. J Dental Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1710953","article-title":"Integrated hypothesis of dental caries and periodontal diseases","volume":"12","author":"Nyvad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12010","article-title":"Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology","volume":"62","author":"Teles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.11.006","article-title":"The oral microbiome in health and disease","volume":"69","author":"Wade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-015-0153-3","article-title":"Functional signatures of oral dysbiosis during periodontitis progression revealed by microbial metatranscriptome analysis","volume":"7","author":"Yost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01221-4","article-title":"Current concepts and an alternative perspective on periodontal disease","volume":"20","author":"Dahlen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-6-r42","article-title":"Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples","volume":"13","author":"Segata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-012-0092-z","article-title":"The stephan curve revisited","volume":"101","author":"Bowen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741254","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1741254","article-title":"The microbial abundance dynamics of the paediatric oral cavity before and after sleep","volume":"12","author":"Carlson-Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12679","article-title":"Dental biofilm: ecological interactions in health and disease","volume":"44","author":"Marsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.17219\/dmp\/112151","article-title":"Activity of enzymatic antioxidants in periodontitis: a systematic overview of the literature","volume":"56","author":"Toczewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dent Med Probl"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v18i3.31","article-title":"Status of thiocyanate levels in the serum and saliva of non-smokers, ex-smokers and smokers","volume":"18","author":"Madiyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1454-z","article-title":"Site-specific dental plaque pH in 13-year-old Thai schoolchildren","volume":"19","author":"Piwat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0541-3","article-title":"Rapid urease test (RUT) for evaluation of urease activity in oral bacteria in vitro and in supragingival dental plaque ex vivo","volume":"18","author":"Dahl\u00e9n","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2013.794952","article-title":"Dental plaque pH and ureolytic activity in children and adults of a low caries population","volume":"72","author":"Appelgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discovery"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0695-546","article-title":"Chemical generation of nitric oxide in the mouth from the enterosalivary circulation of dietary nitrate","volume":"1","author":"Duncan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.04.027","article-title":"Inorganic nitrate is a possible source for systemic generation of nitric oxide","volume":"37","author":"Lundberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radical Biol and Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516673019","article-title":"From nitrate to nitric oxide: the role of salivary glands and oral Bacteria","volume":"95","author":"Qu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01255-20","article-title":"Nitrite production from nitrate and its link with lactate metabolism in oral Veillonella spp","volume":"86","author":"Wicaksono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00184.x","article-title":"Evaluation of bacterial nitrate reduction in the human oral cavity","volume":"113","author":"Doel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro929","article-title":"Nitrate, bacteria and human health","volume":"2","author":"Lundberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.06.007","article-title":"Metabolic effects of dietary nitrate in health and disease","volume":"28","author":"Lundberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2017.1207","article-title":"Nitrate and nitrite in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2008.08.003","article-title":"The increase in plasma nitrite after a dietary nitrate load is markedly attenuated by an antibacterial mouthwash","volume":"19","author":"Govoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide\u2014Biol and Chem"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2016.01.002","article-title":"A stepwise reduction in plasma and salivary nitrite with increasing strengths of mouthwash following a dietary nitrate load","volume":"54","author":"Woessner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide\u2014Biol and Chem"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2016.10.003","article-title":"Effects of antiseptic mouthwash on resting metabolic rate: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study","volume":"61","author":"Sundqvist","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide\u2014Biol and Chem"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211064571","article-title":"Pathways linking oral Bacteria, nitric oxide metabolism, and health","volume":"101","author":"Morou-Berm\u00fadez","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-24","article-title":"Denitrification in human dental plaque","volume":"8","author":"Schreiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73479-1","article-title":"Nitrite-producing oral microbiome in adults and children","volume":"10","author":"Sato-Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00153.x","article-title":"Protective effect of salivary nitrate and microbial nitrate reductase activity against caries","volume":"112","author":"Doel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00313.x","article-title":"Salivary nitrate\u2014an ecological factor in reducing oral acidity","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.692883","article-title":"A single dose of nitrate increases resilience against acidification derived from sugar fermentation by the oral microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Rosier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09122671","article-title":"Nitric oxide in exhaled air","volume":"9","author":"Lundberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.11.1543","article-title":"Intragastric nitric oxide production in humans: measurements in expelled air","volume":"35","author":"Lundberg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2013.10.012","article-title":"Total salivary nitrates and nitrites in oral health and periodontal disease","volume":"36","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide\u2014Biol and Chem"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.20-0778","article-title":"Nitrate-rich diet alters the composition of the oral microbiota in periodontal recall patients","volume":"92","author":"Jockel-Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12542","article-title":"Stimulation of the nitrate-nitrite-NO-metabolism by repeated lettuce juice consumption decreases gingival inflammation in periodontal recall patients: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"43","author":"Jockel-Schneider","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1987.58.9.614","article-title":"Lysosomal and cytoplasmic enzyme activity, crevicular fluid volume, and clinical parameters characterizing gingival sites with shallow to intermediate probing depths","volume":"58","author":"Lamster","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1988.tb02263.x","article-title":"The total protein concentration of gingival crevicular fluid: variation with sampling time and gingival inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Curtis","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04989-1","article-title":"Association between serum biomarkers and oral health status in children with chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study","author":"Sezer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717843","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/717843","article-title":"The role of hydrogen peroxide in environmental adaptation of oral microbial communities","volume":"2012","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11169-x","article-title":"Hydrogen peroxide release by bacteria suppresses inflammasome-dependent innate immunity","volume":"10","author":"Erttmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(03)00031-1","article-title":"Degradation of arginine and other amino acids by butyrate-producing asaccharolytic anaerobic gram-positive rods in periodontal pockets","volume":"48","author":"Uematsu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdsr.2009.06.002","article-title":"Effects of butyric acid on the periodontal tissue","volume":"45","author":"Ochiai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Japanese Dental Sci Rev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13348","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13348","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids released by Fusobacterium nucleatum are neutrophil chemoattractants acting via free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2)","volume":"23","author":"Dahlstrand Rudin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-40-1-74","article-title":"Proposal of three subspecies of Fusobacterium nucleatum knorr 1922: fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum subsp., nov., comb. Nov.; Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum subsp. Nov., nom. Rev., comb. Nov.; and Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii subsp. Nov., nom. Rev., comb. Nov","volume":"40","author":"Dzink","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Syst Bacteriol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1997.tb00733.x","article-title":"Acid tolerance and acid-neutralizing activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum","volume":"12","author":"Takahashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620681","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.620681","article-title":"Porphyromonas gingivalis produce neutrophil specific chemoattractants including short chain fatty acids","volume":"10","author":"Dahlstrand Rudin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01489.x","article-title":"Longitudinal study of volatile fatty acids in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis before and after nonsurgical therapy","volume":"47","author":"Qiqiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345970760010801","article-title":"Short-chain carboxylic acid concentration in human gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"76","author":"Niederman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2011.01.011","article-title":"Short- and medium-chain fatty acids exhibit antimicrobial activity for oral microorganisms","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2020.20.e15","article-title":"The role of butyrate in attenuating pathobiont-induced hyperinflammation","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12322","article-title":"A double-edged sword: role of butyrate in the oral cavity and the gut","volume":"36","author":"Guan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut Microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239312","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of organic acids against Campylobacter spp. And development of combinations-A synergistic effect?","volume":"15","author":"Peh","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.3.609-613.1983","article-title":"Comparison of three reagents for detecting indole production by anaerobic bacteria in microtest systems","volume":"18","author":"Lombard","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/2\/1\/017017","article-title":"Generation of indole\/skatole during malodor formation in the salivary sediment model system and initial examination of the oral bacteria involved","volume":"2","author":"Codipilly","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Breath Res"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4260","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00166-10","article-title":"Production of indole from L-tryptophan and effects of these compounds on biofilm formation by fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586","volume":"76","author":"Sasaki-Imamura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1128\/am.27.3.562-565.1974","article-title":"Methods for detecting indole production by gram negative nonsporeforming anaerobes","volume":"27","author":"Fay","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2009.00204.x","article-title":"Indole as an intercellular signal in microbial communities","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(89)90111-8","article-title":"Relationship of human gingival crevicular fluid polyamine concentration to the percentage of spirochaetes in subgingival dental plaque","volume":"34","author":"Walters","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(87)90087-2","article-title":"The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine in human gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"32","author":"Lamster","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01472-06","article-title":"Polyamine effects on antibiotic susceptibility in bacteria","volume":"51","author":"Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1264\/jsme2.ME19164","article-title":"Biofilm formation by streptococcus mutans is enhanced by indole via the quorum sensing pathway","volume":"35","author":"Inaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbes and Environments"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01031-19","article-title":"Indole signaling at the host-microbiota-pathogen interface","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/1354750X.2021.1875506","article-title":"Polyamine biomarkers as indicators of human disease","volume":"26","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10928","article-title":"Biogenic amines: formation, action and toxicity\u2014a review","volume":"101","author":"W\u00f3jcik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2013.09.019","article-title":"Aliphatic polyamines in physiology and diseases","volume":"33","author":"Ramani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345770560100201","article-title":"Urea levels in the gingival crevices of diabetic and normal adolescents","volume":"56","author":"Ciancio","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07724.x","article-title":"Biogenic ammonia modifies antibiotic resistance at a distance in physically separated bacteria","volume":"81","author":"Bernier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S205","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(90)90159-8","article-title":"Ammonia as a potential mediator of adult human periodontal infection: inhibition of neutrophil function","volume":"35","author":"Niederman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B90","first-page":"405","article-title":"Acute inhalation injury: how to assess, how to treat","volume":"20","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Resp Dis"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22474","article-title":"Ammonia impairs neutrophil phagocytic function in liver disease","volume":"48","author":"Shawcross","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0211hyp","article-title":"Two's company, three's A crowd: can H2S be the third endogenous gaseous transmitter?","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.112.3.1310-1315.1972","article-title":"Carbon monoxide production from heme compounds by bacteria","volume":"112","author":"Engel","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.5b00716","article-title":"CO-releasing polymers exert antimicrobial activity","volume":"16","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100505","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and cell signaling","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115122","article-title":"NO, CO and H(2)S: a trinacrium of bioactive gases in the brain","volume":"202","author":"Siracusa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199712000-00017","article-title":"Pathogenicity of carbon monoxide","volume":"18","author":"Jaffe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.5.2.1900793","article-title":"Life with CO or CO2 and H2 as a source of carbon and energy","volume":"5","author":"Wood","year":"1991","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200524040-00003","article-title":"Carbon dioxide poisoning","volume":"24","author":"Langford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol Rev"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666201221150857","article-title":"Hydrogen gas therapy: from preclinical studies to clinical trials","volume":"27","author":"Sano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1990.tb00645.x","article-title":"The formation of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan by oral bacteria","volume":"5","author":"Persson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/jom.v7.28166","article-title":"Estimation of bacterial hydrogen sulfide production in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Basic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1995.tb00156.x","article-title":"Sulfate-reducing bacteria in the periodontal pocket","volume":"10","author":"Van Der Hoeven","year":"1995","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-51-3-1035","article-title":"Isolation of Desulfomicrobium orale sp. Nov. And Desulfovibrio strain NY682, oral sulfate-reducing bacteria involved in human periodontal disease","volume":"51","author":"Langendijk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0967-9","article-title":"The proteins of Fusobacterium spp. Involved in hydrogen sulfide production from L-cysteine","volume":"17","author":"Basic","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1990.tb00411.x","article-title":"Production of volatile sulfur compounds by various Fusobacterium species","volume":"5","author":"Claesson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2009.00546.x","article-title":"Characterization of L-cysteine desulfhydrase from Prevotella intermedia","volume":"24","author":"Yano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2001.72.1.74","article-title":"Relationship of sulcular sulfide level to severity of periodontal disease and BANA test","volume":"72","author":"Morita","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1970.41.11.644","article-title":"A microbiological and biochemical study of gingival crevice debris obtained from Guatemalan mayan Indians","volume":"41","author":"Morhart","year":"1970","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1992.tb00641.x","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan in periodontal pockets","volume":"7","author":"Persson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2006.04.004","article-title":"Exposure to sulfide causes populations shifts in sulfate-reducing consortia","volume":"157","author":"Icgen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1209855","article-title":"H2s: a universal defense against antibiotics in bacteria","volume":"334","author":"Shatalin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1128\/am.27.1.54-58.1974","article-title":"Biochemical and serological characterization of hydrogen sulfide positive variants of Escherichia coli","volume":"27","author":"Darland","year":"1974","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00272-18","article-title":"H2s, a bacterial defense mechanism against the host immune response","volume":"87","author":"Toliver-Kinsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.05.052","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide donor NaHS alters antibody structure and function via sulfhydration","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703576114","article-title":"Mechanism of H2S-mediated protection against oxidative stress in Escherichia coli","volume":"114","author":"Mironov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuu013","article-title":"Role of bacterial volatile compounds in bacterial biology","volume":"39","author":"Audrain","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/65.1.18","article-title":"Cytochrome oxidase inhibition induced by acute hydrogen sulfide inhalation: correlation with tissue sulfide concentrations in the rat brain, liver, lung, and nasal epithelium","volume":"65","author":"Dorman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.09.018","article-title":"Making and working with hydrogen sulfide. The chemistry and generation of hydrogen sulfide in vitro and its measurement in vivo: a review","volume":"47","author":"Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1617015","article-title":"H2s mediates increased interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and IL-18 production in leukocytes from patients with periodontitis","volume":"11","author":"Basic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.69","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide exposure induces NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent IL-1\u03b2 and IL-18 secretion in human mononuclear leukocytes in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Basic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin and Exp Dental Res"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105119","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: an endogenous regulator of the immune system","volume":"161","author":"Dilek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-019-03510-5","article-title":"Methanogens as emerging pathogens in anaerobic abscesses","volume":"38","author":"Sogodogo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol and Inf Dis"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8871-2","article-title":"Methanogens in humans: potentially beneficial or harmful for health","volume":"102","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169157","article-title":"In vitro effect of porphyromonas gingivalis methionine gamma lyase on biofilm composition and oral inflammatory response","volume":"11","author":"Stephen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1996.tb00499.x","article-title":"Effect of methyl mercaptan on synthesis and degradation of collagen","volume":"31","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(94)00165-8","article-title":"Stimulation of enzyme and cytokine production by methyl mercaptan in human gingival fibroblast and monocyte cell cultures","volume":"40","author":"Ratkay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2017.10.019","article-title":"Nitric oxide and arginase levels in peri-implant tissues after delayed loading","volume":"85","author":"Gokmenoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515589314","article-title":"Kinetic-dependent killing of oral pathogens with nitric oxide","volume":"94","author":"Backlund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175439","article-title":"Endogenous nitric oxide protects bacteria against a wide spectrum of antibiotics","volume":"325","author":"Gusarov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302X.2001.160410.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial effect of acidified nitrite on periodontal bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Allaker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B132","first-page":"272","volume-title":"Marsh and Martin's Oral microbiology","author":"Marsh","year":"2016"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516661142","article-title":"Prediction of periodontal inflammation via metabolic profiling of saliva","volume":"95","author":"Kuboniwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42818","article-title":"Distinct signatures of dental plaque metabolic byproducts dictated by periodontal inflammatory status","volume":"7","author":"Sakanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.32.2.458-463.1981","article-title":"Butyrate and propionate: important components of toxic dental plaque extracts","volume":"32","author":"Singer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B136","first-page":"91","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease","volume-title":"Adv Immunol","author":"Tan","year":"2014"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12137","article-title":"Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on short chain fatty acid levels in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis","volume":"49","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1996.tb00604.x","article-title":"The relationship of gingival crevicular fluid short chain carboxylic acid concentration to gingival inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Niederman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A0047","DOI":"10.5702\/massspectrometry.A0047","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid using gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"5","author":"Ozeki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom (Tokyo)"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-008-2026-8","article-title":"CE-LIF determination of salivary cadaverine and lysine concentration ratio as an indicator of lysine decarboxylase enzyme activity","volume":"391","author":"T\u00e1bi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1989.tb00246.x","article-title":"The capacity of subgingival microbiotas to produce volatile sulfur compounds in human serum","volume":"4","author":"Persson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2003.00377.x","article-title":"Relationship between periodontal pocket sulfide levels and subgingival species","volume":"30","author":"Torresyap","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(71)90062-8","article-title":"Direct gas chromatographic analysis of sulphur compounds in mouth air in man","volume":"16","author":"Tonzetich","year":"1971","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411900010040401","article-title":"Oral malodor","volume":"1","author":"Kleinberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"B145","first-page":"59","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and periodontal disease","volume":"20","author":"Horowitz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Periodontal Abstr"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1980.51.10.603","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide production from gingival crevicular fluid","volume":"51","author":"Solis-Gaffar","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.09.017","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide production from subgingival plaque samples","volume":"35","author":"Basic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(87)90026-1","article-title":"Quantitation of total homocysteine, total cysteine, and methionine in normal serum and urine using capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"162","author":"Stabler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox5010003","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide, oxidative stress and periodontal diseases: a concise review","volume":"5","author":"Greabu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13150","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV120.011304","article-title":"H2s and reactive sulfur signaling at the host-bacterial pathogen interface","volume":"295","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12015","article-title":"Methanogenic archaea in subgingival sites: a review","volume":"121","author":"Nguyen-Hieu","year":"2013","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10553.x","article-title":"Identification of archaeal rDNA from subgingival dental plaque by PCR amplification and sequence analysis","volume":"196","author":"Kulik","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12002","article-title":"Inflammatory and immune pathways in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease","volume":"64","author":"Cekici","year":"2014","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.290109.x","article-title":"Global risk factors and risk indicators for periodontal diseases","volume":"29","author":"Albandar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2005.00799.x","article-title":"Analytical epidemiology of periodontitis","volume":"32","author":"Borrell","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12650","article-title":"Risk factors in periodontology: a conceptual framework","volume":"44","author":"Bouchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12808","article-title":"Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the international diabetes federation and the European federation of periodontology","volume":"45","author":"Sanz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S219","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12951","article-title":"Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions","volume":"45","author":"Jepsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.014","article-title":"Effect of smoking on periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"54","author":"Leite","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00164716","article-title":"Evidence for the intrinsic toxicity of H2S to sulphate-reducing bacteria","volume":"36","author":"Reis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091339","article-title":"Importance of virulence factors for the persistence of oral Bacteria in the inflamed gingival crevice and in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease","volume":"8","author":"Dahlen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509346811","article-title":"Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm development","volume":"88","author":"Hojo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1338718","article-title":"Occupational chemical exposures: a collaboration between the Georgia poison center and the occupational safety and health administration","volume":"56","author":"Tustin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.09.010","article-title":"A timeline of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) research: from environmental toxin to biological mediator","volume":"149","author":"Szabo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2015.12.004","article-title":"Irritant gases","volume":"44","author":"Meulenbelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072358","article-title":"Assessment of the risk of contamination of food for infants and toddlers","volume":"13","author":"Mielech","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI104802","article-title":"Endogenous carbon monoxide production in man","volume":"42","author":"Coburn","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2008.06.010","article-title":"Serum nitric oxide metabolite levels in a general healthy population: relation to sex and age","volume":"83","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2009.03.005","article-title":"Physiological and pharmacological features of the novel gasotransmitter: hydrogen sulfide","volume":"1787","author":"Mancardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2919","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: from brain to gut","volume":"12","author":"Kimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15246","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide signalling in the CNS\u2014comparison with NO","volume":"177","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6878","article-title":"The possible role of hydrogen sulfide as an endogenous smooth muscle relaxant in synergy with nitric oxide","volume":"237","author":"Hosoki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1953","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01193.2006","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide mediates vasoactivity in an O2-dependent manner","volume":"292","author":"Koenitzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology\u2014Heart and Circulatory Physiology"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03629-2","article-title":"Physiopathology of nitric oxide in the oral environment and its biotechnological potential for new oral treatments: a literature review","volume":"24","author":"de Farias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.025","article-title":"Measurement of plasma hydrogen sulfide in vivo and in vitro","volume":"50","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2016.11.016","article-title":"Production of endogenous hydrogen sulfide in human gingival tissue","volume":"74","author":"Chun-Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.48.030186.002133","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of pH-mediated cell regulation","volume":"48","author":"Busa","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1139\/o82-076","article-title":"Sulphide as an inhibitor and electron donor for the cytochrome c oxidase system","volume":"60","author":"Nicholls","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can J Biochem"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20130070","article-title":"Sulfide inhibition of and metabolism by cytochrome c oxidase","volume":"41","author":"Nicholls","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3109\/10408448409029321","article-title":"A critical review of the literature on hydrogen sulfide toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Beauchamp","year":"1984","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"B181","first-page":"29","article-title":"Persulfidation (S-sulfhydration) and H2S","volume-title":"Handbook of experimental pharmacology","author":"Filipovic","year":"2015"},{"key":"B182","first-page":"385","volume-title":"Manual of clinical microbiology","author":"Lennette","year":"1985"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2016.12.015","article-title":"Functional and molecular insights of hydrogen sulfide signaling and protein sulfhydration","volume":"429","author":"Sen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1600-z","article-title":"Hydrogen polysulfide (H2Sn) signaling along with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO)","volume":"123","author":"Kimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.10.006","article-title":"Re-discovering periodontal butyric acid: new insights on an old metabolite","volume":"94","author":"Cueno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1985.tb00827.x","article-title":"Gas-liquid chromatography of the gingival fluid as an aid in periodontal diagnosis","volume":"20","author":"Botta","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.1.22-29.1999","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide stimulates butyric acid-induced apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"67","author":"Kurita-Ochiai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700108","article-title":"Butyric acid induces apoptosis in inflamed fibroblasts","volume":"87","author":"Kurita-Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-018-0081-x","article-title":"Relationship between periodontal disease and butyric acid produced by periodontopathic bacteria","volume":"38","author":"Shirasugi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1080\/08923970802278045","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide: a novel mediator of leukocyte activation","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1586\/ecp.10.134","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide and inflammation: the good, the bad, the ugly and the promising","volume":"4","author":"Whiteman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.3109\/08923979709046984","article-title":"Sulfide influence on polymorphonuclear functions: a possible role for Ca2\u2009+\u2009involvement","volume":"19","author":"Mariggi\u00f2","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12769","article-title":"Interactions of hydrogen sulfide with myeloperoxidase","volume":"172","author":"P\u00e1link\u00e1s","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6577","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide mitigates myocardial infarction via promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis-dependent M2 polarization of macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Miao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antioxidants and Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2009.2899","article-title":"The effect of hydrogen sulfide donors on lipopolysaccharide-induced formation of inflammatory mediators in macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Whiteman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxidants and Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2009.11.113","article-title":"Bacteria-derived hydrogen sulfide promotes IL-8 production from epithelial cells","volume":"391","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2009.01202.x","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide induces apoptosis in human periodontium cells","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.05.022","article-title":"Hydrogen sulfide synergistically upregulates Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-8 via NF-\u03baB signalling in periodontal fibroblasts","volume":"59","author":"Chi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.21151","article-title":"Exogenous hydrogen sulfide induces functional inhibition and cell death of cytotoxic lymphocytes subsets","volume":"213","author":"Mirandola","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402195","article-title":"Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered by low intracellular potassium concentration","volume":"14","author":"P\u00e9trilli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)91081-4","article-title":"Effects of ammonia on human neutrophil N-formyl chemotactic peptide receptor-ligand interaction and cytoskeletal association","volume":"165","author":"Coppi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1021\/es60065a008","article-title":"Kinetics of oxidation of aqueous sulfide by O2","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"1972","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2014.5869","article-title":"Signaling molecules: hydrogen sulfide and polysulfide","volume":"22","author":"Kimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants and Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00511","article-title":"The nexus between periodontal inflammation and dysbiosis","volume":"11","author":"Van Dyke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s40496-018-0202-2","article-title":"Age and periodontal health\u2014immunological view","volume":"5","author":"Ebersole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Oral Health Rep"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12297","article-title":"The role of inflammation and genetics in periodontal disease","volume":"83","author":"Loos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12080","article-title":"Bacterial markers vs. Clinical markers to predict progression of chronic periodontitis: a 2-yr prospective observational study","volume":"121","author":"Charalampakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12209","article-title":"Progression of attachment loss is strongly associated with presence of the JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: a prospective cohort study of a young adolescent population","volume":"41","author":"Hoglund Aberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60135-X","article-title":"Risk of aggressive periodontitis in adolescent carriers of the JP2 clone of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans in Morocco: a prospective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"371","author":"Haubek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12107","article-title":"Gingival crevicular fluid as a source of biomarkers for periodontitis","volume":"70","author":"Barros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12872","article-title":"Metabolomics of gingival crevicular fluid to identify biomarkers for periodontitis: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Baima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"key":"B212","article-title":"Importance of bacterial hydrogen sulfide in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases","volume-title":"Department of oral microbiology and immunology","author":"Basic","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2023.1210200\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]],"date-time":"2023-06-14T00:56:43Z","timestamp":1686704203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2023.1210200\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"references-count":212,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/froh.2023.1210200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/froh.2023.1210200","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"article-number":"1210200"}}