{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:29:48Z","timestamp":1787027388763,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral. Health"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n Silver Diammine Fluoride (SDF) is a clinical minimal intervention to manage dentin caries. Its chemistry in demineralization conditions has been investigated widely, but far less in remineralization conditions. The aim was to investigate and compare the chemical reactions when SDF is added to remineralization and demineralization solutions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n 0.01\u2005ml SDF (Riva Star) was added to deionized water (DW); demineralization (DS\u2009=\u2009pH4) and remineralization (RS\u2009=\u2009pH7.0) solutions. The time sequence of concentrations of NH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , F\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n , and Ag\n +<\/jats:sup>\n were measured using ion selective electrodes (ISEs) every 2\u2005min. The pH was also measured. Precipitates were characterized using x-ray Diffraction (XRD) and,\n 31<\/jats:sup>\n P and\n 19<\/jats:sup>\n F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The concentrations of NH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n and Ag\n +<\/jats:sup>\n showed decreasing trends in DW (\u22120.12 and \u22120.08\u2005mM\/h respectively), and in DS (\u22121.06 and \u22120.5\u2005mM\/h respectively); with corresponding increase in F\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n concentration (0.04 and 0.7\u2005mM\/h respectively). However, in RS, NH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n concentration showed little change (0.001\u2005mM\/h), and Ag\n +<\/jats:sup>\n and F\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n concentrations were negligible. XRD results showed that precipitates (in RS only) contained AgCl, and metallic Ag. NMR showed that fluorapatite\/carbonated fluorapatite (FAP\/CFAP) were formed. The pH increased after SDF addition in all three solutions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n SDF dissolved to release NH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , F\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n and Ag\u2009\n +\u2009<\/jats:sup>\n . In DW and DS, NH\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n +<\/jats:sup>\n combined with Ag\n +<\/jats:sup>\n to form diamminesilver, causing an increase of F\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n and pH. In RS, F\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n reacted with Ca\n 2+<\/jats:sup>\n and (PO)\n 4<\/jats:sub>\n 3\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n to form FAP\/CFAP, and Ag\n +<\/jats:sup>\n reacted with Cl\n \u2212<\/jats:sup>\n to form AgCl\/Ag. These suggests why SDF is effective in managing dentin caries.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2024.1374333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:53:15Z","timestamp":1713487995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Chemical kinetics of silver diammine fluoride in demineralization and remineralization solutions\u2014an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. S. L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/dj5020020","article-title":"A review of the common models used in mechanistic studies on demineralization-remineralization for cariology research","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1159\/000488597","article-title":"Validation of a real-time ISE methodology to quantify the influence of inhibitors of demineralization kinetics in vitro using a hydroxyapatite model system","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2024.1332298","article-title":"Characterization of chemical reactions of silver diammine fluoride and hydroxyapatite under remineralization conditions","volume":"5","author":"Kaur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108879","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108879","article-title":"Recovery of crystallographic texture in remineralized dental enamel","volume":"9","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.2138\/am.2013.4445","article-title":"Letter. A carbonate-fluoride defect model for carbonate-rich fluorapatite","volume":"98","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Mineral"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2022.04.017","article-title":"Solid-state NMR spectroscopy measurement of fluoride reaction by bovine enamel and dentin treated with silver diammine fluoride","volume":"38","author":"Hiraishi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/gels7030104","article-title":"The manufacture and characterization of silver diammine fluoride and silver salt crosslinked nanocrystalline cellulose films as novel antibacterial materials","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.a14177","article-title":"Promoting caries arrest in children with silver diamine fluoride: a review","volume":"6","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E271","DOI":"10.2341\/19-237-l","article-title":"Influence of silver diamine fluoride treatment on the microtensile bond strength of glass ionomer cement to sound and carious dentin","volume":"45","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1159\/000350171","article-title":"Effects of fluoride on in vitro enamel demineralization analyzed by 19F MAS-NMR","volume":"47","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdmed.2023.1171827","article-title":"Effects of fluoride on in vitro hydroxyapatite demineralisation analysed by 19F MAS-NMR","volume":"4","author":"Ferizoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Dent Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517709738","article-title":"Formation of fluorohydroxyapatite with silver diamine fluoride","volume":"96","author":"Mei","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.08.007","article-title":"Caries-arresting effects of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride on dentine caries lesions","volume":"78","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202203","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2022-0306","article-title":"Evaluation of the remineralizing capacity of silver diamine fluoride on demineralized dentin under pH-cycling conditions","volume":"31","author":"Cifuentes-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e824","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.18831","article-title":"Caries arresting effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine carious lesion with S. mutans and L. acidophilus dual-species cariogenic biofilm","volume":"18","author":"Mei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034518774783","article-title":"\u2018Arresting dentine caries with silver diamine fluoride: what\u2019s behind it?","volume":"97","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.10.007","article-title":"Remineralisation of enamel with silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5S","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0348","article-title":"Saliva","volume":"139","author":"DePaola","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1039\/b815887h","article-title":"Pathways to biomineralization and biodemineralization of calcium phosphates: the thermodynamic and kinetic controls","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dalton Trans"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"25","article-title":"Biomineralization and biodemineralization of enamel","volume-title":"Handbook of Oral Biomaterials","author":"Al-Jawad","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2024.1374333\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:53:17Z","timestamp":1713487997000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2024.1374333\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/froh.2024.1374333"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/froh.2024.1374333","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"article-number":"1374333"}}