{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:21:45Z","timestamp":1792718505955,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tumor necrosis factor<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>(TNF-\u03b1) is known to be associated with chronic inflammation, and its expression has been shown to increase in advanced cancers. Chronic inflammation is a characteristic feature of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), which is a potentially malignant disorder (PMD). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity and an early detection or monitoring would greatly help in achieving an effective cure. TNF-\u03b1 was thus evaluated for use as a biomarker in the present study according to the stage of OSMF and histological grade of SCC in the oral cavity and oropharynx.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study included 45 patients divided into 3 groups\u2014OSMF group, SCC group and control group\u2014each comprising 15 participants. Saliva samples were collected from each patient, and salivary TNF-\u03b1 levels were estimated using an ELISA kit.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in TNF-\u03b1 levels among the OSMF, SCC and control groups; however, there was an increase in the salivary TNF-\u03b1 level in patients with stage 3 disease according to the clinical stage of OSMF, for which the<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>value was 0.027.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>An increase in the TNF-\u03b1 concentration with increasing clinical stage suggested a role for TNF-\u03b1 in the spread of OSMF involvement in anatomical structures of the oral cavity and oropharynx. No significant difference in salivary TNF-\u03b1 levels was noted among the OSMF, SCC and control groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study showed a positive correlation of TNF-\u03b1 with increasing stages of OSMF but was not a reliable biomarker in the categorization of the same.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2024.1375162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T04:42:05Z","timestamp":1711428125000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of salivary tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 as a diagnostic biomarker in oral submucosal fibrosis and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a cross sectional observational study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sabiha","family":"Abdul Aziz Shaikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ceena","family":"Denny E","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reshma","family":"Kumarchandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srikant","family":"Natarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Sunny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"Shenoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandita","family":"K. 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