{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:18:18Z","timestamp":1768789098007,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005626","name":"University of Regensburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005626","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010748","name":"DGZMK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to analyze the precipitation of Cerium(III)nitrate hexahydrate [Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>] or Samarium(III)nitrate hexahydrate [Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>] solutions on human enamel with and without a salivary pellicle. Investigated parameters were At%Ce and At%Sm measured using energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) after test solution (two concentrations) application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Precipitation of Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> solutions was examined on human enamel with and without a salivary pellicle. 6 enamel specimens each were obtained from 12 freshly extracted human third molars. These specimens were ground flat and polished. A salivary pellicle was created on 3 of the 6 specimens per tooth by storing the samples in human saliva. Subsequently, an aqueous solution of Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was applied to 2 of the 6 specimens (one with, one without salivary pellicle) for 60\u2005s. The same was carried out with an aqueous solution of Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> on 2 further specimens. The remaining 2 specimens from each tooth were treated with demineralized water (negative control). Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> solutions were applied at 25 or 50 wt% (aqueous solutions). The test materials and concentrations were distributed using a randomization table. After 60\u2005s exposure and rinsing with demineralized water, the elemental composition (Ce, Sm, Ca, P, O, N, Na, Mg) of the enamel surface was analyzed by EDX. Atomic percentages (At%), differences (\u0394At%) and calcium\/phosphorous-ratios (Ca\/P-ratios) were calculated and analyzed non-parametrically (<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>2.0\u20132.3 At%Ce (median) was detected on Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-treated enamel and 0.4\u20130.7 At% Sm (median) was detected on Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>-treated enamel. Ce was only detected on the surfaces after application of Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, Sm only after application of Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. The Ca\/P-ratio was significantly lower (1.37\u20131.59; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028) after the application of 25% and 50%Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> as well as 50%Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> compared to the control treatment (demineralized water; 1.61\u20131.63). After treatment with Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, At%Ca and At%Na were significantly lower (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.043) compared to treatment with Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. No significant differences were found between specimens treated with 25% or 50% lanthanide nitrate solution. Presence of a salivary pellicle had no significant influence on the measured At% with the exception of specimens treated with 50% Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> with increased At%Sm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.046).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ce(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and Sm(NO<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>)<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> precipitate on human enamel independently of the presence of a salivary pellicle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2024.1455924","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T05:11:03Z","timestamp":1724908263000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nitrates of cerium and samarium deposit on human enamel independently of a salivary pellicle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Louis","family":"Kopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl-Anton","family":"Hiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Cieplik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arno","family":"Pfitzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Pielnhofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bastian","family":"H\u00f6fler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Dolle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ine M.","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia R.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Buchalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin J.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10714","article-title":"Changes in the global burden of untreated dental caries from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211056247","article-title":"Global burden and inequality of dental caries, 1990\u20132019","volume":"101","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17030","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"3","author":"Pitts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C35","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s07","article-title":"What constitutes dental caries? 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