{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:11:32Z","timestamp":1787314292241,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parental educational status is a known risk factor for early childhood caries (ECC). This study explores the association between parental educational status and ECC prevalence among children aged 0\u20135 years in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, using the Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional household survey was conducted between December 2024 and January 2025, involving 1,339 mother\u2013child pairs. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, capturing confounding variables (child's age and sex at birth; infant-feeding profile, such as age at introduction of sugar into the meal; and oral health behavior, such as toothbrushing frequency, use of fluoridated toothpaste, and consumption of refined carbohydrates between meals); independent variable (parental education levels categorized as Qur'anic\/primary, secondary, or tertiary); and the dependent variable (ECC determined by the use of the dmft index). A multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the associations between the independent and confounding variables and between the independent and dependent variables after adjusting for confounding variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The ECC prevalence was 7.3%, with the highest rate observed in children 60\u201371 months (12.6%). While maternal and paternal education levels showed no direct association with ECC prevalence, they were indirectly linked to ECC through behavioral pathways. Higher maternal education was associated with greater toothbrushing frequency, showing increased odds for both secondary (OR\u2009=\u20093.411,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.037) and tertiary education levels (OR\u2009=\u20095.109,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). However, it was also linked to higher consumption of refined carbohydrates, with secondary (OR\u2009=\u20090.336,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and tertiary education (OR\u2009=\u20090.362,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011) showing lower odds of limited intake. Similarly, higher paternal education was positively associated with the use of fluoridated toothpaste\u2014secondary (OR\u2009=\u20092.417,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003) and tertiary (OR\u2009=\u20093.013,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001)\u2014but also corresponded with increased refined carbohydrate consumption (secondary: OR\u2009=\u20090.329,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.046).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that while education promotes some protective behaviors, it may also contribute to increased dietary risks mediated by environmental and socioeconomic factors. Context-specific actions are required to align the SDG 4 with efforts to reduce ECC prevalence in vulnerable populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2025.1581589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T05:43:40Z","timestamp":1760507020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between early childhood caries and parental educational status among children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mor\u00e9nik\u00e9 Oluw\u00e1t\u00f3y\u00ecn","family":"Fol\u00e1yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Ariel Abelda\u00f1o","family":"Zu\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simin Z.","family":"Mohebbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad R.","family":"Khami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931243","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.931243","article-title":"Sustainable development goals and ending ECC as a public health crisis","volume":"10","author":"Saikia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00157","article-title":"Early childhood caries: prevalence, risk factors, and prevention","volume":"5","author":"Anil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e58170","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.58170","article-title":"Decoding early childhood caries: a comprehensive review navigating the impact of evolving dietary trends in preschoolers","volume":"16","author":"Dhull","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00064","article-title":"Parental factors influencing the development of early childhood caries in developing nations: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Rai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0093-8","article-title":"Severe early childhood caries and social determinants in three-year-old children from Northern Thailand: a birth cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Peltzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2010.01280.x","article-title":"Risk indicators for early childhood caries in 2-year-old children in southern China","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1159\/000319898","article-title":"Early feeding practices and severe early childhood caries in four-year-old children from southern Brazil: a birth cohort study","volume":"44","author":"Feldens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04291-w","article-title":"Association between early childhood caries and parental education and the link to Sustainable Development Goal 4: a scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Folayan","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00534-1","article-title":"Parental education and inequalities in child mortality: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"398","author":"Balaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08881-5","article-title":"Parental health literacy and health knowledge, behaviours and outcomes in children: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"20","author":"de Buhr","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15173-1","article-title":"How is parental education associated with infant and young child feeding in Bangladesh? 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