{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T02:46:03Z","timestamp":1793155563976,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the increasing prevalence of cervical and root lesions in elderly patients, dental filling materials able to release bioactive ions are gaining importance in the restorative treatment. This study evaluated the release of calcium (Ca<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup><jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>), phosphate (PO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>3\u2212<\/jats:sup>), and fluoride (F<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) ions from different restorative materials (<jats:italic>Equia Forte HT Fil<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Stela Self Cure<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Riva Self Cure<\/jats:italic>) for elderly population through <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> testing conducted under different pH levels and temperature conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Specimens (10\u2005mm diameter and 2\u2005mm thickness; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093 for each material) were prepared according to manufacturers\u2019 instructions, immersed in buffer solutions at pH 4.8, 6.8, and 8.8; and stored at 37\u00b0C and 44\u00b0C. Ion release was measured after 1-, 7-, and 28-days using ion chromatography (fluoride and phosphate ions) and mass spectrometry (calcium ions).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ion release from dental restorative materials was significantly influenced by pH, temperature, and exposure duration. All materials tested exhibited consistent pH trends, with an increase in acidic conditions and stabilization in neutral and basic environments. Fluoride release was notably affected by pH and exposure time (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), with <jats:italic>Equia Forte HT Fil<\/jats:italic> showing the highest fluoride release (34.59\u2009\u00b1\u20090.63\u2005mg\/L) in a basic environment at 37\u00b0C. <jats:italic>Stela Self Cure<\/jats:italic> had a maximum release of 3.55\u2009\u00b1\u20090.24\u2005mg\/L, and <jats:italic>Riva Self Cure<\/jats:italic> reached 7.67\u2009\u00b1\u20090.49\u2005mg\/L after 28 days at 44\u00b0C in an acidic medium. Phosphate release remained stable, while calcium ion release varied significantly among materials. <jats:italic>Stela Self Cure<\/jats:italic> had the highest calcium release (14.35\u2009\u00b1\u20090.45\u2005mg\/L) in a basic environment, and <jats:italic>Equia Forte HT Fil<\/jats:italic> showed the highest calcium concentration (30.60\u2009\u00b1\u20090.73\u2005mg\/L) in neutral conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study highlights the relevance of ion-releasing from some bioactive dental restorative materials commonly employed also for managing Class V cervical lesions and promote remineralization in aging oral environments. Materials tested showed variable fluoride, calcium, and phosphate release depending on pH, temperature, and time. <jats:italic>Equia Forte HT Fil<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Riva Self Cure<\/jats:italic> exhibited higher fluoride release, supporting anti-caries potential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2025.1609502","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T05:24:41Z","timestamp":1754889881000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Calcium, phosphate and fluoride ionic release from dental restorative materials for elderly population: an in vitro analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Aliberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin","family":"Garcia-Godoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Luiz Souto","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Mendes","family":"Tribst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Gasparro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Mariniello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Ausiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703526","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.703526","article-title":"Global perspectives of oral health policies and oral healthcare schemes for older adult populations","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12030372","article-title":"Oral health among elderly, impact on life quality, access of elderly patients to oral health services and methods to improve oral health: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Janto","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics6030076","article-title":"Common medical and dental problems of older adults: a narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatrics (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093202","article-title":"Oral health factors related to rapid oral health deterioration among older adults: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Desai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111274","article-title":"Ageing and inflammation: what happens in periodontium?","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12135","article-title":"Aging, inflammation, immunity and periodontal disease","volume":"72","author":"Ebersole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2018.12.001","article-title":"Association between periodontal pathogens and systemic disease","volume":"42","author":"Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320120","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2024.2320120","article-title":"Periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and respiratory diseases: summary of the consensus report by the European federation of periodontology and WONCA Europe","volume":"30","author":"Herrera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0285955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285955","article-title":"Is there an association between periodontal disease and root caries? 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