{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:40Z","timestamp":1787027320240,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Modifying bacterial virulence could be an interesting alternative to antibiotics. The study aimed to examine the effects of an inhibitor targeting bacterial glutaminyl cyclase [which is selectively present in\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                      ),\n                      <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Tf<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella intermedia<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>\n                      )] on various multispecies biofilms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two multi-species biofilms\u2014one containing four species (including\n                      <jats:italic>Tf)<\/jats:italic>\n                      and another with 12 species (including\n                      <jats:italic>Tf<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Pi<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2014were cultured in the presence of 31.25\u2013500\u2005\u00b5M of a [4,5-c]pyridine-based inhibitor. After 24\u2005h, bacterial counts, biofilm biomass, metabolic activity, and, when\n                      <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                      was included, Arg-gingipain activity were measured. Additionally, the biofilms were exposed to monocytic cells; here, the release of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2 and IL-10 was analyzed. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a\n                      <jats:italic>post-hoc<\/jats:italic>\n                      comparison performed using the Bonferroni correction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In all biofilms, total bacterial counts and those of\n                      <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Tf<\/jats:italic>\n                      remained unaffected by the inhibitor. In the 12-species biofilm, both biomass and total metabolic activity decreased at high inhibitor concentrations (500\u2005\u00b5M to 75.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.5% and 87.2\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8%, respectively; each\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). The arginine-specific amidolytic activities of Rgp declined dose-dependently, down to 60.4\u2009\u00b1\u200910.2% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) at 500\u2005\u00b5M of the inhibitor. Consequently,\n                      <jats:italic>Pg<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonies lost pigmentation as inhibitor concentrations increased. The inhibitor also reduced IL-1\u03b2 release from monocytic cells stimulated by the 12-species biofilm. The studied [4,5-c]pyridine-based inhibitor is able to modify virulence of a multispecies biofilm. It might have the potential to be a promising approach in periodontal prevention and therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2025.1716625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T06:26:44Z","timestamp":1764570404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of a bacterial glutaminyl cyclase inhibitor on 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