{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:57:39Z","timestamp":1773392259359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maternal hypertension has serious maternal and neonatal consequences. Evidence regarding the relationship between maternal hypertension and cleft lip and palate in offspring is limited and inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between maternal hypertension and the risk of cleft lip and palate in offspring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We systematically searched the following English electronic databases to identify relevant observational studies for our analysis: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science, supplemented by a manual reference researches. Study screening, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessments were conducted independently by two researchers. A meta-analysis was performed using Stata 18.0 and Revman 5.3. Heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistics) and sensitivity analyses were carried out to ensure analytical rigor and robustness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The meta-analysis ultimately included 12 eligible studies, comprising 4,407,254 participants. Under the random-effects model, the analysis indicated an association between maternal hypertension and cleft lip and palate in offspring [OR\u2009=\u20091.44, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.26, 1.64,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01]. Both maternal gestational hypertension and preeclampsia were associated with an increased risk of cleft lip and palate in offspring (gestational hypertension: OR\u2009=\u20091.36, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.06, 1.74,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01, preeclampsia: OR\u2009=\u20092.10, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.11, 3.96,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02). Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of our results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With our meta-analysis, we provide evidence for an association between maternal hypertension (particularly gestational hypertension and preeclampsia) and CLP in children. Given that residual confounding cannot be entirely excluded, caution is warranted in interpreting the conclusions of this study. More high-quality studies are needed to establish whether the association with maternal hypertension is causal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PROSPERO CRD420251152806.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2026.1725513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:49:47Z","timestamp":1773384587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cumulative evidence for the association between maternal hypertension and cleft lip and palate in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Xinping","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, People\u2019s Hospital of Deyang City","place":["Deyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwest Medical University","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, People\u2019s Hospital of Deyang City","place":["Deyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1597\/05-208.1","article-title":"Drug treatment during pregnancy and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary","volume":"44","author":"Puh\u00f3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19579","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19579","article-title":"A cross-sectional study: are myths on cleft lip and palate still prevalent?","volume":"13","author":"Turlapati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34419","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034419","article-title":"Cleft lip and palate risk factors among otorhinolaryngology: head and neck surgery patients in two hospitals","volume":"102","author":"Nahas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2016.1143944","article-title":"Psychological adjustment to cleft lip and\/or palate: a narrative review of the literature","volume":"31","author":"Stock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003150","article-title":"Association of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with nonsyndromic orofacial clefts in China: a large prospective cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Ana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx269","article-title":"Occurrence of selected structural birth defects among women with preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders","volume":"187","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2024.104781","article-title":"Maternal, reproductive and perinatal factors and the risks of birth defects: traditional and emerging factors","volume":"50","author":"Luke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001331","article-title":"Association between cleft lip and\/or cleft palate and family history of cancer: a case-control study","volume":"80","author":"Bui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0987-8","article-title":"Are hypertensive disorders in pregnancy associated with congenital malformations in offspring? 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