{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T07:09:45Z","timestamp":1772521785305,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IN607D2024\/003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN607D2024\/003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB22\/05\/00067"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB22\/05\/00067"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP22\/00061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CP23\/00071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP23\/00071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In recent years, periodontitis has been associated with various systemic diseases, including neurological pathology, and systemic inflammation has been proposed as a potential link. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and the presence of leukoaraiosis (LA). The contribution of periodontitis to serum levels of soluble fragment of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) in LA was also explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a nested case-control study including patients with LA (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200970) and control subjects without known neurological diseases (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009140). A full-mouth periodontal examination was carried out in all participants. Socio-demographic and oral care related data, self-reported vascular risk factors and body mass index (BMI) were also recorded. Neuroimaging and ultrasonographic assessments were performed in LA patients. Blood samples were collected from all participants to determine serum sTWEAK levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both the prevalence of periodontitis and mean serum sTWEAK concentrations were significantly higher in LA patients than controls (74.3% vs. 32.1%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001 and 247.5\u2009\u00b1\u200990.2 vs. 27.5\u2009\u00b1\u200917.6\u2005pg\/mL,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). With multiple logistic regression analysis, a positive relationship was shown between periodontitis and presence of LA independent of well-known LA risk factors such as age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and BMI (OR\u2009=\u20096.3; 95% CI: 2.5\u201315.6,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). In LA cases, periodontitis was associated with increased sTWEAK levels (B coefficient\u2009=\u2009198.3; 95%CI: 95.5\u2013301.2,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontitis may be associated with the presence of LA and when present it could contribute to elevated serum levels of sTWEAK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2026.1737799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T06:48:28Z","timestamp":1772520508000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between periodontitis, leukoaraiosis and sTWEAK. A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jorge","family":"Moldes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Family and Community Medicine Department, Bueu Health Centre, Pontevedra University Clinical Hospital","place":["Pontevedra, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Arnau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology Unit, Faculty of Odontology and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, University Clinical Hospital","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iria","family":"L\u00f3pez-Dequidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, University Clinical Hospital","place":["A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Hervella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL) Group, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, University Clinical Hospital","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology Unit, Faculty of Odontology and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Iglesias-Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL) Group, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, University Clinical Hospital","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Sobrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"NeuroAging Group, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, University Clinical Hospital","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yago","family":"Leira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontology Unit, Faculty of Odontology and Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]},{"name":"Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute of Health Carlos III","place":["Madrid, Spain"]},{"name":"NeuroAging Group, Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratories, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, University Clinical Hospital","place":["Santiago de Compostela, Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100037264","article-title":"Leuko-araiosis: an ancient term for a new problem","volume":"13","author":"Hachinski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.139428","article-title":"Leukoaraiosis","volume":"8","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pract 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