{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T02:16:33Z","timestamp":1787796993003,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by oral microbial dysbiosis, with\n                    <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    playing as pathogenic roles and\n                    <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a gram-negative bacterium is very relevant in the initiation and development of periodontal disease. Although local antibiotic therapy can help restore oral homeostasis, its effectiveness is often limited by bacterial resistance and poor accessibility to deep periodontal pockets. These limitations underscore the need for alternative therapies with proven antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. In this context, patchouli oil, derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Pogostemon cablin Benth<\/jats:italic>\n                    ., offers promising antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. This study investigates the antibacterial potential of patchouli oil and its fractions, including crude, light and heavy, formulated into nanoemulsions and nanoemulgels for the adjuvant therapy of periodontitis. To achieve this, the formulation process begins by identifying which fraction meets the criteria for antibacterial efficacy. Antimicrobial characteristics are evaluated through phytochemical profiling, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. The development of nanoemulsions and nanoemulgels is guided by nanomaterial formulation parameters, including physical characterization to ensure suitability for application as a mouthwash or topical paste aimed at restoring oral homeostasis. The results indicate that crude patchouli oil is a promising candidate for formulation, capable of being incorporated into nanoemulsions and nanoemulgels using surfactants and cosurfactants with appropriate hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Furthermore, the concentration of the gelling agent significantly influences viscosity, which in turn affects the product's spreadability and retention in the oral cavity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2026.1763715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T05:14:58Z","timestamp":1769058898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of patchouli oil in the development of antibacterial nanoemulsion and nanoemulgel for periodontitis: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Deviyanti","family":"Pratiwi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia","place":["Jakarta, Indonesia"]},{"name":"Department of Dental Material, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Trisakti","place":["Jakarta, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ria","family":"Puspitawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia","place":["Jakarta, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewi Fatma","family":"Suniarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia","place":["Jakarta, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yenny","family":"Meliana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Molecular Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency, BRIN, Kawasan Puspitek","place":["Banten, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Abnisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University","place":["Rabigh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7321","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TB00835E","article-title":"Advances in hydrogels for the treatment of periodontitis","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B Royal Soc Chem"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095142","article-title":"Impact of oral microbiome in periodontal health and periodontitis: a critical review on prevention and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.22377\/ajp.v12i04.2938","article-title":"Biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for selected antimicrobial agents against planktonic and sessile cells of clinical isolates of staphylococci using MICs, BICs and MBECs","volume":"12","author":"Al-Ouqaili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13290","article-title":"Treatment of stage I\u2013III periodontitis\u2014the EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline","volume":"47","author":"Sanz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2023.104704","article-title":"Synthesize of pluronic-based nanovesicular formulation loaded with Pistacia atlantica extract for improved antimicrobial efficiency","volume":"16","author":"Al-Ouqaili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arabian J Chem"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30040807","article-title":"New insights in natural bioactive compounds for periodontal disease: advanced molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"30","author":"Hashim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e949388","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.949388","article-title":"Phytochemicals in treatment of periodontal disease: a review of mechanisms and roles","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit Int Med J Exp Clin Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20249402006","article-title":"Crude aceh patchouli alcohol (pogostemon cablin benth.) elucidated antibiofilm activity of against Staphylococcus aureus","author":"Suhartono","year":"2024"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8310275","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8310275","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of pogostemon cablin (blanco) benth","volume":"2017","author":"Dechayont","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bot"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9030252","article-title":"Development and evaluation of essential oil-based nanoemulgel formulation for the treatment of oral bacterial infections","volume":"9","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081640","article-title":"Fabrication and optimization of essential-oil-loaded nanoemulsion using box\u2013behnken design against staphylococos aureus and staphylococos epidermidis isolated from oral cavity","volume":"14","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B12","article-title":"Karakteristik fisik sediaan nanoemulsi dan nanoemulgel ekstrak jahe emprit (zingiber officinale var. Amarum)","author":"Saputri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Bio Komplementer Med"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"135","article-title":"Production and marketing efficiency of patchouli oil industry in Indonesia","volume":"13","author":"Ernawati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg Sci Inq"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052020","article-title":"Fabrication and evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol\/corn starch\/patchouli oil hydrogel films loaded with silver nanoparticles biosynthesized in Pogostemon cablin benth Leaves\u2019 extract","volume":"28","author":"Khairan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11080612","article-title":"Formulation, optimization, and comprehensive characterization of topical essential oil-loaded anti-acne microemulgels","volume":"11","author":"Kola-Mustapha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.52711\/0974-360X.2022.00010","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of patchouli oil microemulsion and microemulgel for inhibit the bacterial growth","volume":"15","author":"Febriyenti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res J Pharm Technol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14010068","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of selected essential oil components and their derivatives: a review","volume":"14","author":"Khwaza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.46862\/interdental.v21i1.10572","article-title":"Characteristics of patchouli plant (pogostemon cablin benth.) as an antimicrobial in the development of dental materials","volume":"21","author":"Pratiwi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Kedokteran Gigi (IJKG)"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2024.101046","article-title":"Enrichment of patchouli alcohol in extracted patchouli oil from Pogostemon cablin benth leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide","volume":"11","author":"Wahyudiono","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud Chem Environ Eng"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27186025","article-title":"Characterization of bioactive compounds from patchouli extracted via supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction","volume":"27","author":"Muhammad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1356\/1\/012095","article-title":"Patchouli essential oil: unlocking antimicrobial potential for dandruff control","author":"Muhammad","year":"2024"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s44445-025-00007-0","article-title":"Antibacterial effects of rosella petal extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) in mouthwash formulation against Streptococcus sanguinis and Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms: an in vitro study","volume":"37","author":"Suwandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi Dent J"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020057","article-title":"Impact of particle size and polydispersity index on the clinical applications of lipidic nanocarrier systems","volume":"10","author":"Danaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010135","article-title":"An overview of micro-and nanoemulsions as vehicles for essential oils: formulation, preparation and stability","volume":"10","author":"Pavoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101333","article-title":"Innovations in nanoemulsion technology: enhancing drug delivery for oral, parenteral, and ophthalmic applications","volume":"16","author":"Jacob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.3390\/app13085208","article-title":"Relationship between HLB number and predominant destabilization process in microfluidized nanoemulsions formulated with lemon essential oil","volume":"13","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030421","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive oral care gel containing Kaempferia galanga extract","volume":"16","author":"Wahyuni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12010097","article-title":"Correlation of blood and salivary pH levels in healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis patients before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy","volume":"12","author":"Koppolu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2026.1763715\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T05:15:03Z","timestamp":1769058903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2026.1763715\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/froh.2026.1763715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/froh.2026.1763715","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"article-number":"1763715"}}