{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:55:38Z","timestamp":1777042538260,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral Health"],"abstract":"\n Aim<\/jats:title>\n The oral cavity represents a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance, and supragingival biofilms contribute to reduced antibiotic susceptibility. This study aimed to compare the antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming capacity of bacterial isolates obtained from dentally healthy individuals and participants with active carious lesions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 319 bacterial isolates from 40 participants were tested for susceptibility to clinically relevant antibiotics using disk diffusion and Etest methods, supplemented by\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n -lactamase testing. Biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining and categorized into three levels based on optical density. Statistical analyses accounted for clustering of isolates within individuals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Resistant isolates were detected across all examined taxa. Significant group differences were observed for\n Veillonella parvula<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum<\/jats:italic>\n .\n V. parvula<\/jats:italic>\n isolates from caries participants showed higher proportions of intermediate or resistant classifications to ampicillin and a different distribution of biofilm categories compared to isolates from healthy individuals. For\n L. saburreum<\/jats:italic>\n , resistant isolates from the healthy group were more frequently associated with stronger biofilm formation. Across species, stronger biofilm formation was generally associated with higher resistance among obligate anaerobes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Specific bacterial taxa showed distinct differences in antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming capacity between caries and healthy participants. The findings indicate that supragingival biofilms from caries-active individuals may harbour altered resistance patterns, particularly among obligate anaerobic species. These isolate-level observations underscore the need to further investigate how caries-associated ecological shift in oral biofilms relate to antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2026.1800312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:06:41Z","timestamp":1777036001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antibiotic resistance and biofilm forming capacity of supragingival bacteria in healthy and caries patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Auer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moritz","family":"P\u00f6ppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Pelz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Vach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Data Science, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development","place":["Eberswalde, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Frese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"von Ohle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, University Centre of Dentistry, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital T\u00fcbingen","place":["T\u00fcbingen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry, Clinic for Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Wittmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-University","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Cieplik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Al-Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Center for Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg","place":["Freiburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60031-2","article-title":"Dental caries","volume":"369","author":"Selwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515573272","article-title":"Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression","volume":"94","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02811-3","article-title":"Trends in the global, regional, and national burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"405","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S14","article-title":"Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community - implications for health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Marsh","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fux010","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12361","article-title":"The dental plaque biofilm matrix","volume":"86","author":"Jakubovics","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-023-00585-z","article-title":"The oral microbiota is a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance: resistome and phenotypic resistance characteristics of oral biofilm in health, caries, and periodontitis","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345251324162","article-title":"Fighting the antimicrobial resistance global emergency: the lifesaving role of dentistry","volume":"104","author":"Thompson","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.106","article-title":"Oral biofilms: a reservoir of transferable, bacterial, antimicrobial resistance","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11132","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03281","article-title":"Real-time study of rapid spread of antibiotic resistance plasmid in biofilm using microfluidics","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01561-7","article-title":"Addition of cariogenic pathogens to complex oral microflora drives significant changes in biofilm compositions and functionalities","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.07.023","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and capacity for biofilm formation of different bacteria isolated from endodontic infections associated with root-filled teeth","volume":"40","author":"Al-Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/45.4_ts.493","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method","volume":"45","author":"Bauer","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B15","year":"2020"},{"key":"B16","year":"2020"},{"key":"B17","year":"2000"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.1.183-190.2001","article-title":"Contemporary assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods for polymyxin B and colistin: review of available interpretative criteria and quality control guidelines","volume":"39","author":"Gales","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.10.008","article-title":"Development of EUCAST disk diffusion method for susceptibility testing of the Bacteroides fragilis group isolates","volume":"31","author":"Nagy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2008.02.014","article-title":"Effects of commonly used food preservatives on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in vitro","volume":"53","author":"Al-Ahmad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03613-w","article-title":"Limited antimicrobial efficacy of oral care antiseptics in microcosm biofilms and phenotypic adaptation of bacteria upon repeated exposure","volume":"25","author":"Schwarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1348-8643(15)00016-6","article-title":"Interspecies communication in oral biofilm: an ocean of information","volume":"12","author":"Parashar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oral Sci Int"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2006.00262.x","article-title":"Differences between single- and dual-species biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and Veillonella parvula in growth, acidogenicity and susceptibility to chlorhexidine","volume":"114","author":"Kara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00409.x","article-title":"Effect of Veillonella parvula on the antimicrobial resistance and gene expression of Streptococcus mutans grown in a dual-species biofilm","volume":"23","author":"Luppens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1086\/314046","article-title":"Veillonella parvula meningitis: case report and review of Veillonella infections","volume":"31","author":"Bhatti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"61","article-title":"Odontogenic bacteria in periodontal disease and resistance patterns to common antibiotics used as treatment and prophylaxis in odontology in Spain","volume":"20","author":"Maestre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-155","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and adhesion properties of oral Enterococci associated to dental caries","volume":"11","author":"Kouidhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.033613-0","article-title":"Lachnoanaerobaculum gen. nov., a new genus in the Lachnospiraceae: characterization of Lachnoanaerobaculum umeaense gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the human small intestine, and Lachnoanaerobaculum orale sp. nov., isolated from saliva, and reclassification of Eubacterium saburreum (Pr\u00e9vot 1966) Holdeman and Moore 1970 as Lachnoanaerobaculum saburreum comb. nov","volume":"62","author":"Hedberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2002.290809.x","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of subgingival species during and after antibiotic therapy","volume":"29","author":"Feres","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1981.52.7.374","article-title":"Eubacterium saburreum and Veillonella parvula: a symbiotic association or oral strains","volume":"52","author":"Mashimo","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510379602","article-title":"The role of bacteria in the caries process: ecological perspectives","volume":"90","author":"Takahashi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01631","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01631-18","article-title":"Supragingival plaque microbiome ecology and functional potential in the context of health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Espinoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.00960.x","article-title":"The interconnection between biofilm formation and horizontal gene transfer","volume":"65","author":"Madsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2026.1800312\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:06:42Z","timestamp":1777036002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/froh.2026.1800312\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/froh.2026.1800312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/froh.2026.1800312","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-4842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-4842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"article-number":"1800312"}}