{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T13:14:11Z","timestamp":1779196451792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of the periodontal supporting tissues and is strongly associated with shifts in the oral microbiota. Saliva has emerged as a promising diagnostic fluid; however, few studies have analyzed its microbial composition at the species level according to the 2018 American Academy of Periodontology\/European Federation of Periodontology (AAP\/EFP) classification of periodontal diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize salivary microbial profiles in a systemically healthy Mexican population across different stages of periodontitis according to the AAP\/EFP 2018 classification system, and to evaluate sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics as potential risk factors for periodontitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional study was conducted by analyzing 133 adults classified in four groups: periodontally healthy (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>33<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), gingivitis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>34<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), stage I\u2013II periodontitis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>18<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), or stage III\u2013IV periodontitis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>48<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Unstimulated saliva from all participants was sampled and analyzed for 40 bacterial species using Checkerboard, a DNA\u2013DNA hybridization technique. Microbial levels, prevalence, and proportions were compared among groups. Ordinal logistic regression was then used to identify independent predictors of disease severity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Tannerella forsythia<\/jats:italic>\n                      bacteria showed significantly higher levels in advanced periodontitis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>&amp;lt;<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\n                      <jats:italic>0.001<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Bacteria from the\n                      <jats:italic>Orange complex<\/jats:italic>\n                      , such as\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter rectus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Campylobacter showae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , also increased with disease severity. In contrast, commensal species, notably\n                      <jats:italic>Gemella morbillorum,<\/jats:italic>\n                      were diminished. Ordinal logistic regression identified age (OR\u2009=\u20091.10,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), the presence of dental biofilm (OR\u2009=\u20091.03,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005), and higher counts of the\n                      <jats:italic>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR\u2009=\u20091.19,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005), and\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR\u2009=\u20091.21,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) microbial species, as positive predictors of periodontitis\n                      <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The salivary microbiota shows distinct abundance signatures across periodontal severity stages. These patterns are characterized by an enrichment of pathogenic microbial complexes and depletion of commensal species. This aligns with current frameworks placing dysbiosis as a relevant risk factor for periodontitis. These findings also support saliva as a feasible matrix for periodontal screening and risk stratification. This may result particularly useful in resource-limited clinical laboratory settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2026.1811009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:29:50Z","timestamp":1777526990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Salivary microbial profiles across periodontal severity stage according to the 2018 AAP\/EFP classifications: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Paola E.","family":"Garc\u00eda-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Master's and Doctoral Program in Medical, Dental and Health Sciences (PMDCMOS), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]},{"name":"Division of Computational Genomics, National Institute of Genomic Medicine","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco Antonio","family":"Pita-Galeana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computational Genomics, National Institute of Genomic Medicine","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Biochemical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mireya","family":"Martinez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health, Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. A\u00edda","family":"Borges-Y\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Public Health, Division of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana-Patricia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Postgraduate Studies and Research Division, Faculty of Dentistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Hernandez-Lemus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computational Genomics, National Institute of Genomic Medicine","place":["Mexico City, Mexico"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S74","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0719","article-title":"Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions","volume":"89","author":"Chapple","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0721","article-title":"Periodontitis: consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 world workshop on the classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions","volume":"89","author":"Papapanou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2342-y","article-title":"Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship","volume":"55","author":"Preshaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0757.2005.00107.x","article-title":"Periodontal microbial ecology","volume":"38","author":"Socransky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Periodontol 2000"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270557","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1270557","article-title":"Diabetes, periodontitis, and cardiovascular disease: towards equity in diabetes care","volume":"11","author":"Ser\u00f3n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s40292-020-00392-z","article-title":"Periodontitis and hypertension: is the association causal?","volume":"27","author":"Del Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S144","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S010","article-title":"10. 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