{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:03:04Z","timestamp":1791820984482,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Luteal phase (LP) is the period of time beginning shortly after ovulation and ending either with luteolysis, shortly before menstrual bleeding, or with the establishment of pregnancy. During the LP, the corpus luteum (CL) secretes progesterone and some other hormones that are essential to prepare the uterus for implantation and further development of the embryo, the function known as uterine receptivity. LP deficiency (LPD) can occur when the secretory activity of the CL is deficient, but also in cases of normal CL function, where it is caused by a defective endometrial response to normal levels of progesterone. LPD is particularly frequent in treatments using assisted reproductive technology (ART). Controlled ovarian stimulation usually aims to obtain the highest number possible of good-quality oocytes and requires the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs, to prevent premature ovulation, as well as an ovulation trigger to achieve timed final oocyte maturation. Altogether, these treatments suppress pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), required for the formation and early activity of the CL. In addition to problems of endometrial receptivity for embryos, LPD also leads to dysfunction of the local uterine immune system, with an increased risk of embryo rejection, abnormally high uterine contractility, and restriction of uterine blood flow. There are two alternatives of LPD prevention: a direct administration of exogenous progesterone to restore the physiological progesterone serum concentration independently of the CL function, on the one hand, and treatments aimed to stimulate the CL activity so as to increase endogenous progesterone production, on the other hand. In case of pregnancy, some kind of LP support is often needed until the luteal\u2013placental shift occurs. If LPD is caused by defective response of the endometrium and uterine immune cells to normal concentrations of progesterone, a still poorly defined condition, symptomatic treatments are the only available solution currently available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2020.595183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:10:12Z","timestamp":1607299812000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Luteal Phase in Assisted Reproductive Technology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Tesarik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Conde-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribel","family":"Gal\u00e1n-L\u00e1zaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Mendoza-Tesarik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0022","article-title":"The molecular control of corpus luteum formation, function, and regression","volume":"28","author":"Stocco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1745","article-title":"The human corpus luteum: life cycle and function in natural cycles","volume":"92","author":"Devoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1984.tb04831.x","article-title":"Normal variation in the length of the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle: identification of the short luteal phase","volume":"91","author":"Lenton","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.10.003","article-title":"Progesterone and the luteal phase: a requisite to reproduction","volume":"42","author":"Mesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B5","first-page":"1995","article-title":"Recognition and maintenance of pregnancy","volume-title":"The Physiology of Reproduction, Vol. 2.","author":"Hodgen","year":"1988"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.008425","article-title":"Rescue of the corpus luteum in human pregnancy","volume":"68","author":"Baird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3534","article-title":"Luteal phase deficiency in regularly menstruating women: prevalence and overlap in identification based on clinical and biochemical diagnostic criteria","volume":"99","author":"Schliep","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.08.036","article-title":"Luteal-phase defect: the role of georgeanna seegar jones","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.18314\/cogo.v2i1.1722","article-title":"The neglected luteal phase after natural conception: rescue by early progesterone supplementation","volume":"2","author":"Tesarik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gyn Obstet."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"139","article-title":"Luteal phase support for assisted reproduction","volume-title":"40 Years After In Vitro Fertilisation: State of the Art and New Challenges","author":"Casper","year":"2019"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.9.2287","article-title":"Luteal phase support in infertility treatment: a meta-analysis of the randomized trials","volume":"17","author":"Pritts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138555","article-title":"Morpho-functional study of human luteal cell subpopulations","volume":"9","author":"Retamales","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmg016","article-title":"Progesterone as a mediator of gonadotrophin action in the corpus luteum: beyond steroidogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Stouffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B14","article-title":"Secterory phase and implantation","volume-title":"Menstrual Cycle. 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