{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:36:40Z","timestamp":1790984200639,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viral infections have been a part of human existence to date, though viruses have posed a huge threat with various outbreaks lately. These threats are associated with reproductive health challenges, especially male infertility. The prime focus of this review is to highlight the mechanisms associated with viral infection-induced male infertility\/subfertility and identify new treatment strategies with the aim to preserve male fertility. The reviewed data showed that viral infections stimulate inflammatory responses, resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which induces oxidative stress. This oxido-inflammatory cycle could continue in a vicious cycle and threaten male fertility. Existing data from human and experimental studies show that viral infection-induced oxido-inflammatory response results in testicular damage, atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells, and reduced Leydig cell mass. This is accompanied by reduced circulatory testosterone, impaired spermatogenesis, reduced sperm motility, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis of the sperm cells. Based on the available pieces of evidence, antioxidant therapy,<jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, may be beneficial and protects against the potential risk of male infertility from viral infection. It is, however recommended that more clinical studies be conducted to demonstrate the possible protective roles of antioxidants used as adjuvant therapy in viral infections, and in the<jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>treatment of semen samples for those utilizing semen washing and artificial reproductive techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2022.782915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T04:41:29Z","timestamp":1643863289000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Viral Infections and Male Infertility: A Comprehensive Review of the Role of Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Roland E.","family":"Akhigbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulagna","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses A.","family":"Hamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodeji F.","family":"Ajayi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallav","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulfam","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00549","article-title":"Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: strengthening the global response","volume":"10","author":"Bloom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0296-2","article-title":"Tracking virus outbreaks in the twenty-first century","volume":"4","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9411","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17249411","article-title":"Viral pandemics of the last four decades: pathophysiology, health impacts and perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Roychoudhury","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3888","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001655117","article-title":"Opinion: sustainable development must account for pandemic risk","volume":"117","author":"Di Marco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.327-335.2001","article-title":"Global impact of human immunodeficiency virus AIDS","volume":"14","author":"Gayle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"2003"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"83","article-title":"Impacts of SARS on health care systems and strategies for combating future outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. In: Knobler S, Mahmoud AD, Lemon S, Mack A, Sivitz L, Oberholtzer K, editors","volume-title":"Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop Summary","author":"Abdullah","year":"2004"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05012-11","article-title":"Two years after pandemic influenza A\/2009\/H1N1: what have we learned?","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"2013"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.15171\/ijhpm.2017.104","article-title":"The response to and impact of the Ebola epidemic: towards an agenda for interdisciplinary research","volume":"7","author":"Calnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Health Policy Manag."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05983-6","article-title":"Codeine-induced hepatic injury is via oxidao-inflammatory damage and caspase 3-mediated apoptosis","volume":"47","author":"Akhigbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00240-0","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak\u2013an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Military Med Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3923\/aje.2021.11.21","article-title":"Management of COVID-19 among health care givers: an Afro-Asian perspective","volume":"14","author":"Ajayi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"2020"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2008.03.009","article-title":"Genital tract infections and infertility","volume":"140","author":"Pellati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429485763-1","article-title":"Pathophysiology of male infertility. In: Rizk B, Agarwal A, Sabanegh EJ, editors","volume-title":"Male Infertility in Reproductive Medicine: Diagnosis and Management.","author":"Sengupta","year":"2019"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v17i2.16","article-title":"Evidence for decreasing sperm count in African population from 1965 to 2015","volume":"17","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2777","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001282","article-title":"Immune tolerance properties of the testicular tissue as a viral sanctuary site in ART-treated HIV-infected adults","volume":"30","author":"Jenabian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aids."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2014.38","article-title":"Testicular defense systems: immune privilege and innate immunity","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20200205","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2020-0205","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection, oxidative stress and male reproductive hormones: can testicular-adrenal crosstalk be ruled-out?","volume":"31","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00261-z","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 and male infertility: possible multifaceted pathology","volume":"28","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"75","article-title":"Reproductive tract infection, inflammation and male infertility","volume":"7","author":"Sengupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Biol Lett."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2000.tb02142.x","article-title":"Characteristics of human sperm chromatin structure following an episode of influenza and high fever: a case study","volume":"21","author":"Evenson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Androl."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.54846\/jshap\/1018","article-title":"Influenza outbreak causes reduction in semen quality of boars","volume":"25","author":"Lugar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Swine Health Prod."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.12.045","article-title":"High risk of temporary alteration of semen parameters after recent acute febrile illness","volume":"88","author":"Sergerie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"506","article-title":"Induction of chromosomal aberrations in mice spermatocytes by unpurified and purified human influenza viruses","volume":"86","author":"Devi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00021.2019","article-title":"From ancient to emerging infections: the odyssey of viruses in the male genital tract","volume":"100","author":"Le Tortorec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1569-9056(15)60141-5","article-title":"139 Viral epididymitis and orchitis\u2013myth or reality?","volume":"14","author":"Pilatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Urol Suppl."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1711038","article-title":"Zika virus shedding in semen of symptomatic infected men","volume":"378","author":"Mead","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30336-X","article-title":"Zika virus in semen and spermatozoa","volume":"16","author":"Mansuy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00138-9","article-title":"Zika virus: high infectious viral load in semen, a new sexually transmitted pathogen?","volume":"16","author":"Mansuy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.181370","article-title":"Zika virus in semen: a prospective cohort study of symptomatic travellers returning to Belgium","volume":"95","author":"Huits","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ;."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix967","article-title":"Virus and antibody dynamics in travelers with acute Zika virus infection","volume":"66","author":"Barzon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1814416","article-title":"Persistence of Zika virus in body fluids \u2013 final report reply","volume":"380","author":"Paz-Bailey","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med;."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.11.017","article-title":"Zika virus infection in dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice demonstrating disseminated infection with multi-organ involvement including orchitis effectively treated by recombinant type I interferons","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4206","article-title":"Zika viral dynamics and shedding in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques","volume":"22","author":"Osuna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006219","article-title":"Zika Virus infection of rhesus macaques leads to viral persistence in multiple tissues PLoS Pathogens","volume":"13","author":"Hirsch","year":"2017"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000580","article-title":"Cellular targets and receptor of sexual transmission of Zika virus","volume":"25","author":"Bagasra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.12.019","article-title":"Comparative histopathologic lesions of the male reproductive tract during acute infection of Zika virus in AG129 and Ifnar-\/- mice","volume":"188","author":"Clancy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix436","article-title":"Replication of Zika virus in human prostate cells: a potential source of sexually transmitted virus","volume":"217","author":"Spencer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4697","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI121735","article-title":"Zika virus infects human testicular tissue and germ cells","volume":"128","author":"Matusali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20556","article-title":"Zika virus infection damages the testes in mice","volume":"540","author":"Govero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30444-9","article-title":"Effect of Acute Zika virus infection on sperm and virus clearance in body fluids: a prospective observational study","volume":"17","author":"Joguet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201860064","article-title":"Potential effect of Zika virus infection on human male fertility?","volume":"60","author":"Avelino-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.016","article-title":"Zika virus causes testis damage and leads to male infertility in mice","volume":"167","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2014.02.011","article-title":"Sertoli cells\u2014immunological sentinels Of spermatogenesis","volume":"30","author":"Kaur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4445","article-title":"Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus","volume":"235","author":"Rubin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68274-3","article-title":"A case of mumps epididymitis","volume":"367","author":"Wharton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2001.20.11.1189","article-title":"Echo color Doppler findings in postpubertal mumps epididymo-orchitis","volume-title":"J Ultrasound Med.","author":"Tarantino","year":"2001"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00117","article-title":"Mouse testicular cell type-specific antiviral response against mumps virus replication","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19507","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19507","article-title":"Mumps virus-Induced innate immune responses in mouse Sertoli and Leydig cells","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220786","article-title":"The interplay of collagen IV. tumor necrosis factor-alpha, gelatinase B (matrix metalloprotease-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases-1 in the basal lamina regulates Sertoli cell-tight junction dynamics in the rat testis","volume":"144","author":"Siu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582946","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.582946","article-title":"Mumps orchitis: clinical aspects and mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3923\/ijv.2010.158.163","article-title":"Seroprevalence of HIV infection in Kwara, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Akhigbe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Virol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.107283","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of utilization of voluntary counseling and testing services and HIV infection in Ogbomoso, southwestern Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Akhigbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nat Sc Biol Med"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15035","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.35","article-title":"HIV infection","volume":"1","author":"Deeks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000125979.64033.96","article-title":"Is the male genital tract really a sanctuary site for HIV? Arguments that it is not","volume":"18","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63742-X","article-title":"Vasectomy and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in semen","volume":"159","author":"Krieger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02190-9","article-title":"Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. IDSCAP Malawi Research Group","volume":"349","author":"Cohen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8946","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8946-8952.2000","volume":"74","author":"Ping","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905070-00012","article-title":"Detection and quantification of HIV-1 in semen: identification of a subpopulation of men at high potential risk of viral sexual transmission","volume":"13","author":"Tachet","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-017-0063-x","article-title":"Patterns of residual HIV-1 RNA shedding in the seminal plasma of patients on effective antiretroviral therapy","volume":"27","author":"Pasquier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Clin Androl."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90250-3","article-title":"Testicular dysfunction in human Immunodeficiency virus-infected men","volume":"44","author":"Poretsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.094","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus\/acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome and infertility: emerging problems in the era of highly active antiretrovirals","volume":"96","author":"Kushnir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.8.2112","article-title":"Semen alterations in HIV-1 infected men","volume":"17","author":"Dulioust","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh426","article-title":"The effect of human immunodeficiency virus on sperm parameters and the outcome of Intrauterine insemination following sperm washing","volume":"19","author":"Nicopoullos","year":"","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh,510","article-title":"Semen parameters of a semen donor before and after infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: case report","volume":"19","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001053","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001053","article-title":"HIV-1 populations in semen arise through multiple mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Anderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Path."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00941.x","article-title":"HIV infection and immune defense of the penis","volume":"65","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13951","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13951","article-title":"HAART and anti-Koch's impair Sexual competence, sperm quality and offspring quality when used singly and incombination in male Wistar rats","volume":"53","author":"Akhigbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B72","first-page":"54","article-title":"Investigations into the risk of reproductive toxicity following exposure to highly active anti-retroviral drugs in rodents","volume":"43","author":"Awodele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tokai J Exp Clin Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13672","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13672","article-title":"The physiology of male reproduction: Impact of drugs and their abuse on male fertility","volume":"52","author":"Ajayi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.06.007","article-title":"HAART exacerbates testicular damage and impaired spermatogenesis in anti-Koch-treated rats via dysregulation of lactate transport and glutathione content","volume":"103","author":"Akhigbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.0706162","article-title":"Transmission of human papillomavirus in heterosexual couples","volume":"14","author":"Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351456","article-title":"HPV: from infection to cancer","volume":"35","author":"Stanley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans;."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biological agents, volume 100B. A review of human carcinogens","volume":"100","year":"2012","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"djv086","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv086","article-title":"US assessment of HPV types in cancers: implications for current and 9-valent HPV vaccines","volume":"107","author":"Saraiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199901000-00001","article-title":"Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in semen of men with genital HSV-2 infection","volume":"26","author":"Wald","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sexually Transm Dis."},{"key":"B80","first-page":"928","article-title":"Genital herpes: a review","volume":"93","author":"Groves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d752","DOI":"10.2741\/A809","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus","volume":"7","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Front Biosci."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.208-231.2001","article-title":"Viruses in the mammalian male genital tract and their effects on the reproductive system","volume":"65","author":"Dejucq","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S2173-5786(10)70212-2","article-title":"Virus of sexual transmission: semen and virus relationship","volume":"34","author":"Zea-Mazo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Actas Urol Esp."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir700","article-title":"Semen of HIV-1-infected individuals: local shedding of herpesviruses and reprogrammed cytokinenetwork","volume":"205","author":"Lisco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit252","article-title":"Shedding of HIV and human herpes viruses in the semen of effectively treated HIV-1-infected men who have sex with men","volume":"57","author":"Gianella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283573305","article-title":"Herpes Viruses and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations influence the virologic and immunologic milieu of the male genital tract","volume":"27","author":"Gianella","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofx033","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx033","article-title":"Clinical and mucosal immune correlates of HIV-1 semen levels in antiretroviral-naive men","volume":"4","author":"Osborne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw784","article-title":"Longitudinal viral dynamics in semen during early HIV infection","volume":"64","author":"Morris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.08.109","article-title":"Prevalence of sexually transmissible pathogens in semen from asymptomatic male infertility patients with and without leukocytospermia","volume":"87","author":"Bezold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.285","article-title":"Male infertility: a public health issue caused by sexually transmitted pathogens","volume":"11","author":"Gimenes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.5.1281","article-title":"Herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, human sperm and assisted fertilization","volume-title":"Hum Reprod.","author":"Pallier","year":"2002"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0726-8","article-title":"Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation of semen quality and male fertility","volume":"30","author":"Rusz","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Urol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2007.00825.x","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections: impact on male infertility","volume":"40","author":"Ochsendorf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/det453","article-title":"Prevalence of Human papillomaviruses in semen: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Laprise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Repro."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2017.0339","article-title":"Urogenital infection as a risk factor for male infertility","volume":"114","author":"Schuppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_77_17","article-title":"The risk of human papillomavirus infection for male fertility abnormality: a meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00604-0","article-title":"Impact of human papillomavirus infection in semen on sperm progressive motility in infertile men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.09.006","article-title":"Association, prevalence, and clearance of human papillomavirus and antisperm antibodies in infected semen samples from infertile patients","volume":"99","author":"Gorolla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15036","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015036","article-title":"Mechanism of human papillomavirus binding to human spermatozoa and fertilizing ability of infected spermatozoa","volume":"6","author":"Foresta","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2013.36","article-title":"Correlation between HPV sperm infection and male infertility","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.22074\/ijfs.2019.5421","article-title":"Significant correlation between high-risk HPV DNA in semen and impairment of sperm quality infertile men","volume":"12","author":"Moghimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.09.018","article-title":"Spontaneous fertility and in vitro fertilization outcome: new evidence of human papillomavirus sperm infection","volume":"105","author":"Gorolla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.09.005","article-title":"HPV prophylactic vaccination in males improves the clearance of semen infection","volume":"2","author":"Foresta","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-593","article-title":"Human papillomavirus proteins are found in peripheral blood and semen Cd20+ and Cd56+ cells during HPV-16 semen infection","volume":"13","author":"Foresta","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B105","first-page":"113","article-title":"Effect of male HPV infection on semen parameter","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Birth Health Heredity"},{"key":"B106","first-page":"1910","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of association between human papilloma virus infection and antisperm antibodies in male infertile patients in Xinjiang area","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Lab Med"},{"key":"B107","first-page":"70","article-title":"The effect of human papillomavirus on sperm motility and sperm chromatin integrity in semen","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin J Clin (Electronic Edition)"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12021","article-title":"Can hepatitis B virus DNA in semen be predicted by serum levels of hepatitis B virus DNA. HBeAg, and HBsAg in chronically infected men from infertile couples?","volume":"3","author":"Fei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02435-1","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis C virus in the semen of infected men","volume":"356","author":"Leruez-Ville","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10295","article-title":"Intermittent detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in semen from men with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) HCV","volume":"69","author":"Pasquier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Virol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000189847.98569.2d","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1: prevalence and origin","volume":"19","author":"Briat","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu550","article-title":"A comparison of seminal hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels during recent and chronic HCV infection in HIV- infected and HIV-uninfected individuals","volume":"211","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofw057","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw057","article-title":"Shedding of hepatitis C virus in semen of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men","volume":"3","author":"Turner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B114","first-page":"724","article-title":"Hepatitis B: the immaculate infection","volume":"3","author":"Huysman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i4.736","article-title":"Studies on the integration of hepatitis B virus DNA sequence in human sperm chromosomes","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian J Androl."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68688","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068688","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus S protein enhances sperm apoptosis and reduces sperm fertilizing capacity in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS ONE."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den414","article-title":"Prospectiveevaluation of the threat related to the use of seminal fractions from hepatitis C virus-infected men in assisted reproductive techniques","volume":"24","author":"Bourlet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i19.3073","article-title":"Alterations of seminal and hormonal parameters: an extrahepatic manifestation of HCV infection?","volume":"12","author":"Durazzo","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2009.00970.x","article-title":"Impact of chronic viral diseases on semen parameters","volume":"42","author":"Lorusso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00855.x","article-title":"Sperm ultrastructure meiotic segregation in a group of patients with chronic hepatitis B C","volume":"40","author":"Moretti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.12.039","article-title":"Seminal fluid ribavirin level and functional semen parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis C on antiviral combination therapy","volume":"52","author":"Hofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.014","article-title":"Semen and hormonal parameters in men with chronic hepatitis C infection","volume":"95","author":"Hofny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2011.08.011","article-title":"Sperm DNA damage in patients with chronic viral, C, and hepatitis","volume-title":"Eur J Inter Med","author":"La Vignera","year":"2012"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33471","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033471","article-title":"Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein exposure on sperm membrane integrity and functions","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1358","article-title":"Successful transduction of liver in hemophilia by AAV-Factor IX and limitations imposed by the host immune response","volume":"12","author":"Manno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0035","article-title":"Endocrine aspects of cancer gene therapy","volume":"25","author":"Barzon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrine Rev."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2001.0491","article-title":"Lack of germline transmission of vector sequences following systemic administration of recombinant AAV-2 vector in males","volume":"4","author":"Arruda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Ther."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.56","article-title":"Host and vector-dependent effects on the risk of germline transmission of AAV vectors","volume":"17","author":"Favaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Ther."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2006.03.002","article-title":"Inadvertent germline transmission of AAV2 vector: findings in a rabbit model correlate with those in a human clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Schuettrumpf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Ther."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8935com","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated transduction of male germ line stem cells results in transgene transmission after germ cell transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Honaramooz","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.718","article-title":"No evidence for germ-line transmission following prenatal and early postnatal AAV-mediated gene delivery","volume":"7","author":"Jakob","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Gene Med."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.11.2333","article-title":"DNA of adeno-associated virus (AAV) in testicular tissue and in abnormal semen samples","volume":"16","author":"Erles","year":"2001","journal-title":"Human Reprod."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(99)00363-5","article-title":"Detection of adeno-associated virus in human semen: does viral infection play a role in the pathogenesis of male infertility?","volume":"72","author":"Rohde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der427","article-title":"Presence of DNA of adeno-associated virus in subfertile couples, but no association with fertility factors","volume":"27","author":"Schlehofer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Human Reprod."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03034919","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus (AAV) in semen and testis: a role in infertility? An overview","volume":"14","author":"Schlehofer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Andrologie."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511410","article-title":"Ebola RNA persistence in semen of ebola virus disease survivors - final report","volume":"377","author":"Deen","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1509773","article-title":"Molecular evidence of sexual transmission of ebola virus","volume":"373","author":"Mate","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofx155","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx155","article-title":"Ebola virus Ribonucleic acid detection in semen more than two years after resolution of acute ebola virus infection open forum","volume":"4","author":"Fischer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"B139","first-page":"ofz482","article-title":"Open forum","volume":"6","author":"Keita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.11.004","article-title":"Ebola virus Localization in theMacaque reproductive tract during acute Ebola virus disease","volume":"188","author":"Perry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.08.003","article-title":"Persistent Marburg virus infection in the testes of nonhuman primate survivors","volume":"24","author":"Coffin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-3045-1","article-title":"Mobile health clinic for the medical management of clinical sequelae experienced by survivors of the 2013-2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone, West Africa","volume":"36","author":"Guetiya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofy239","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy239","article-title":"Care of ebola survivors and factors associated with clinical sequelae-Monrovia, Liberia","volume":"5","author":"de St Maurice","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01800.x","article-title":"Inflammatory responses in Ebola virus-infected patients","volume":"128","author":"Baize","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/2090598X.2021.1955554","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on the male reproductive tract and fertility: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Sengupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab J Urol."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.044776","article-title":"Orchitis: a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"74","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa114","article-title":"COVID-19: a recommendation to examine the effect ofhydroxychloroquine in preventing infection and progression","volume":"75","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12859","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12859","article-title":"COVID-19 and human spermatozoa\u2014Potential risks for infertility and sexual transmission?","volume":"2020","author":"Aitken","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4103\/2305-0500.294662","article-title":"Possible links between, COVID-,19 and male fertility","volume":"9","author":"Akhigbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Reprod."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.05.028","article-title":"Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen-a cohort study","volume":"114","author":"Holtmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01261-1","article-title":"Study of SARS-CoV-2 in semen and urine samples of a volunteer with positive naso-pharyngeal swab","volume":"43","author":"Paoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e208292","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and results of semen tests among men with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-021-00063-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection and human semen: possible modes of contamination and transmission","volume":"26","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Middle East Fertility Soc J."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.21.20037267","article-title":"Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection upon male gonadal function: a single center-based study","volume-title":"MedRxi [Preprint].","author":"Ma","year":"2020"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-021-01680-2","article-title":"COVID-19 disrupts spermatogenesis through the oxidative stress pathway following induction of apoptosis","volume":"26","author":"Moghimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1086\/382355","article-title":"The public's response to severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto and the United States","volume":"38","author":"Blendon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.04.009","article-title":"Molecular mimicry of ACTH in SARS - implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis","volume":"63","author":"Wheatland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.2.2.7944","article-title":"Oxidative stress and anxiety: relationship and cellular pathways","volume":"2","author":"Bouayed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2020.1787376","article-title":"Does SARS-CoV-2 infection cause sperm DNA fragmentation? Possible link with oxidative stress","volume":"25","author":"Sengupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S152131","article-title":"Mental health, psychotropic medication use, and menstrual cycle characteristics","volume":"10","author":"Nillni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(89)90125-1","article-title":"Testicular atrophy in AIDS: a study of 57 autopsy cases","volume":"20","author":"De Paepe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"key":"B163","first-page":"243","article-title":"Pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-immunological responses to HPV infection. In: Rajkumar R, editor","volume":"13","author":"Ashrafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human Papillomavirus-Research in a Global Perspective"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118717","article-title":"Codeine exerts cardiorenal injury via upregulation of adenine deaminase\/Xanthine oxidase and caspase 3 signaling","volume":"273","author":"Akhigbe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2007.04.009","article-title":"Regulation of cell junction dynamics by cytokines in the testis \u2013A molecular and biochemical perspective","volume":"18","author":"Lui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2018.0412","article-title":"Cytokines and male infertility","volume":"29","author":"Syriou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.05.004","article-title":"GyeMC","volume":"196","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.09.026","article-title":"Testicular autoimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Jacobo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der234","article-title":"Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 on human sperm recognize bacterial endotoxins and mediate apoptosis","volume":"26","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224052","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224052","article-title":"Testicular toxicity following chronic codeine administration is via oxidative DNA damage and up-regulation of NO\/TNF-\u03b1 and caspase 3 activities","volume":"15","author":"Akhigbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B171","first-page":"357","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male infertility","volume":"129","author":"Makker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.1.1","article-title":"Effect of oxidative stress on male reproduction","volume":"32","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Mens Health."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05589","volume":"6","author":"Ajayi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-9-47","article-title":"Sperm DNA fragmentation and oxidation are independent of malondialdheyde","volume":"9","author":"Zribi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Repro Biol Endocrinol."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.130146ja","article-title":"Causes and consequences of apoptosis in spermatozoa; contributions to infertility and impacts on development","volume":"57","author":"Aitken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Dev Biol."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2020.1752003","article-title":"Codeine-induced sperm DNA damage is mediated Predominantly by oxidative stress rather than apoptosis","volume-title":"Redox Report.","author":"Ajayi","year":"2020"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0126936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126936","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and fertility alteration: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Souho","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13140","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13140","article-title":"Viral threat to male fertility","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.07.1755","article-title":"Ribavirin and pegylated interferon treatment for hepatitis C was associated not only with semen alterations but also with sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in humans","volume":"91","author":"Pecou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertility and Sterility."},{"key":"B180","unstructured":"VIDALHoptimal,. VIDAL, l'information de reference sur les produits de sante. Consulte le 5 juillet 2016"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37713-3","article-title":"Systemic treatment with interferon-alpha 2B: an effective method to prevent sterility after bilateral mumps orchitis","volume":"146","author":"Erpenbach","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.1999.00273.x","article-title":"The preventive effect of systemic treatment with interferon-alpha2B for infertility from mumps orchitis","volume":"84","author":"Ku","year":"1999","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2006.05869.x","article-title":"The management of mumps orchitis","volume":"97","author":"Lane","year":"2006","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00233.x","article-title":"Testicular histomorphologic and stereological alterations following short-term treatment with highly active antiretroviral drugs (HAART) in an experimental animal model","volume":"2","author":"Azu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.001529","article-title":"Decreased semen volume and spermatozoa motility in HIV-1-infected patients under antiretroviral treatment","volume":"28","author":"Bujan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Androl."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988318794282","article-title":"Effects of antiretroviral therapy on sperm DNA integrity of HIV-1-infected men","volume":"12","author":"Savasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Men Health."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2016.02.014","article-title":"Semen residual viral load and reproductive outcomes in HIV-infected men undergoing ICSI after extended semen preparation","volume":"32","author":"Zamora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online."},{"key":"B188","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.10029","article-title":"Superoxide dismutase activities of spermatozoa and seminal plasma are not correlated with male infertility","volume":"16","author":"Hsieh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5408.2002.00004.x","article-title":"The role of carotenoids in human health","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Care."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2006.9.440","article-title":"Improvement in human semen quality after oral supplementation of vitamin C","volume":"9","author":"Akmal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Food."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2009.02.034","article-title":"Effects of N-acetylcysteine on semen parameters and oxidative\/antioxidant status","volume":"74","author":"Ciftci","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD007411","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007411.pub3","volume":"1","author":"Showell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12062","article-title":"Effect of Coenzyme Q10 supplementation on antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress of seminal plasma: a double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"46","author":"Nadjarzadeh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrologia."},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)03229-0","article-title":"Effects of folic acid and zinc sulfate on male factor subfertility: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"77","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertility Sterility."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.01.009","article-title":"Role of selenium in male reproduction\u2013a review","volume":"146","author":"Ahsan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci."},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22386","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22386","article-title":"Zinc levels in seminal plasma and their correlation with male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00235-1","article-title":"Advances in flavonoid research since 1992","volume":"55","author":"Harborne","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytochemistry."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(02)00208-5","article-title":"Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships","volume":"13","author":"Heim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9030219","article-title":"Efficacy of antioxidant supplementation on conventional and advanced sperm function tests in patients with idiopathic male infertility","volume":"9","author":"Arafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-81","article-title":"Protective effects of in vitro treatment with zinc, d-aspartate and coenzyme q10 on human sperm motility, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation","volume":"11","author":"Talevi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.200196","article-title":"Utility of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility: clinical guidelines based on a systematic review and analysis of evidence","volume":"39","author":"Agarwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Mens Health."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frph.2022.782915\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T21:40:20Z","timestamp":1700170820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frph.2022.782915\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"references-count":202,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frph.2022.782915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frph.2022.782915","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"article-number":"782915"}}