{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T09:26:26Z","timestamp":1773739586482,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subclinical atherosclerosis characterizes cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART) are identified risk factors for atherosclerosis. Meanwhile, data on HIV and atherosclerosis in Nigeria are limited.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We sought to estimate the prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis and associated risk factors amongst adult persons living with HIV\/AIDS (PLHIV) enrolled at University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja (UATH).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study of 277 consecutively selected PLHIV \u226518 years enrolled for HIV care and treatment at UATH. Pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect data from consenting ART-experienced and ART-na\u00efve patients on risk factors of atherosclerosis. Carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) \u22650.71\u2005mm as measured by Doppler ultrasonography was used to identify patients with sub-clinical atherosclerosis. Two logistic regression models with (Model-A) and without (Model-B) traditional risk factors were fitted to identify risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants' mean age was 39.44\u2009\u00b1\u200910.71 years with female preponderance (64.26%). Overall prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 43.32% (62.25% in ART-experienced). Model-A identified male sex [AOR 4.33(1.74\u201310.76), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002], advancing age [30\u201339 years AOR 5.95(1.31\u201326.96), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.021]; \u226540 years AOR 19.51(4.30\u201388.56), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.001), advancing HIV infection [\u2265WHO stage II AOR 4.19(1.11\u201315.92), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.035], hypercholesterolemia [AOR 3.88(1.47\u201310.25), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.001] and \u22655 year duration on ART [AOR 9.05(3.16\u201325.92), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.001] as risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis. In Model-B (excluding traditional risk factors) on the other hand, advancing HIV infection [\u2265WHO stage II AOR 3.93(1.19\u201313.042), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025] and duration on ART [\u22655 years AOR 11.43(4.62\u201328.29), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001] were found as risk factors of subclinical atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subclinical atherosclerosis was higher in ART-experienced patients, and this was irrespective of presence or absence of traditional risk factors. And advancing HIV disease and duration on ART were found as significant risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis. We therefore recommend routine CVD risk screening in PLHIV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1092211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T04:31:38Z","timestamp":1675398698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis amongst adults living with HIV in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Taiwo A.","family":"Adedokun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivian G.","family":"Kwaghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwasanmi","family":"Adedokun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Titilope","family":"Badru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Augustine N.","family":"Odili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Alfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadijat O.","family":"Kolade-Yunusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dike B.","family":"Ojji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200308010-00012","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"33","author":"Currier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-3619(08)70808-6","article-title":"Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction","volume":"2008","author":"Thiers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Yearb Dermatology Dermatologic Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200208150-00002","article-title":"Do protease inhibitors increase the risk for coronary heart disease in patients with HIV-1 infection?","volume":"30","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304001-00010","article-title":"Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral treatment era","volume":"17","author":"Vittecoq","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"B5","year":""},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2012.0018","article-title":"Short communication: effects of age on virologic suppression and CD4 cell response in HIV-positive patients initiating combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"28","author":"Szadkowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011157","article-title":"Effect of combination therapy including protease inhibitors on mortality among children and adolescents infected with HIV-1","volume":"345","author":"Gortmaker","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199803263381301","article-title":"Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. 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