{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:49:07Z","timestamp":1790650147747,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R25GM061222, R01MH129207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25GM061222, R01MH129207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers, young sexual and gender minority (YSGM) people are more likely to contract sexually transmitted infections (STIs; e.g., HIV) and to face adverse consequences of emerging infections, such as COVID-19 and mpox. To reduce these sexual health disparities, technology-based interventions (TBIs) for STIs and emerging infections among YSGM adolescents and young adults have been developed. In this Perspective, we discuss ethical issues, ethical principles, and recommendations in the development and implementation of TBIs to address STIs and emerging infections among YSGM. Our discussion covers: (1) <jats:italic>confidentiality, privacy, and data security<\/jats:italic> (e.g., if TBI use is revealed, YSGM are at increased risk of discrimination and family rejection); (2) <jats:italic>empowerment and autonomy<\/jats:italic> (e.g., designing TBIs that can still function if YSGM users opt-out of multiple features and data collection requests); (3) <jats:italic>evidence-based and quality controlled<\/jats:italic> (e.g., going above and beyond minimum FDA effectiveness standards to protect vulnerable YSGM people); (4) <jats:italic>cultural sensitivity and tailoring<\/jats:italic> (e.g., using YSGM-specific models of prevention and intervention); (5) <jats:italic>balancing inclusivity vs. group specificity<\/jats:italic> (e.g., honoring YSGM heterogeneity); (6) <jats:italic>duty to care<\/jats:italic> (e.g., providing avenues to contact affirming healthcare professionals); (7) <jats:italic>equitable access<\/jats:italic> (e.g., prioritizing YSGM people living in low-resource, high-stigma areas); and (8) <jats:italic>digital temperance<\/jats:italic> (e.g., being careful with gamification because YSGM experience substantial screen time compared to their peers). We conclude that a community-engaged, YSGM-centered approach to TBI development and implementation is paramount to ethically preventing and treating STIs and emerging infections with innovative technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2023.1303218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T07:37:45Z","timestamp":1702885065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Developing technology-based interventions for infectious diseases: ethical considerations for young sexual and gender minority people"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Cory J.","family":"Cascalheira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler H.","family":"Pugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Birkett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Macapagal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian W.","family":"Holloway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20158","DOI":"10.2196\/20158","article-title":"Effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of digital health interventions for LGBTIQ+ young people: systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Gilbey","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301759","article-title":"Sexual orientation disparities in sexually transmitted infection risk behaviors and risk determinants among sexually active adolescent males: results from a school-based sample","volume":"104","author":"Everett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260063","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260063","article-title":"The worldwide burden of HIV in transgender individuals: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Stutterheim","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.01.001","article-title":"Sexual minority health disparities: an examination of age-related trends across adulthood in a national cross-sectional sample","volume":"31","author":"Rice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7132e3","article-title":"Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of monkeypox cases \u2014 United States, may 17\u2013July 22, 2022","volume":"2022","author":"Philpott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2022.2112745","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV-positive men who have sex with men: (dis)connection to social, sexual, and health networks","volume":"14","author":"Cascalheira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Sex"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a1","article-title":"Sexual orientation disparities in risk factors for adverse COVID-19\u2013related outcomes, by race\/ethnicity \u2014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system, United States, 2017\u20132019","volume":"70","author":"Heslin","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000800","article-title":"Clinical psychological science must move beyond documenting disparities in LGBTQ health toward eliminating them","volume":"91","author":"Mustanski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000619","article-title":"Digital health for sexually transmitted infection and HIV services: a global scoping review","volume":"33","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e017604","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017604","article-title":"Do digital innovations for HIV and sexually transmitted infections work? 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