{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:57:06Z","timestamp":1791863826081,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Male infertility, often attributed to insufficient production of healthy and active sperm, can be exacerbated by electromagnetic radiation emitted from mobile phones, which disrupts normal spermatogenesis and leads to a notable decline in sperm quality. The main targets of mobile phone-induced damage in the testes are Leydig cells, seminiferous tubules, and sperm cells. The aim of this systematic literature review is to identify histopathological changes in the testes due to mobile phone radiation exposure and to examine its effects on sperm parameters in experimental animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this systematic review, an extensive literature search was conducted across databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Hinari, and Google scholar.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 752 studies were identified for screening, and 18 studies were deemed eligible for data extraction. Studies have identified histopathological alterations in testicular tissue caused by mobile phone radiation, such as reduced seminiferous tubule diameter, tunica albuginea and germinal epithelial thickness, Leydig cell hypoplasia, and increased intertubular space. Consistent exposure to mobile phone radiation has been shown to significantly reduce sperm count, motility, and viability, while also increasing abnormal sperm morphology in male rats, mice, and rabbits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal studies indicate that electromagnetic radiation from mobile phones can negatively impact testicular tissue and sperm parameters, including sperm count, motility, viability, and morphology. As a precaution, preventive measures are recommended to minimize potential risks from mobile phone exposure, and further research is needed to fully understand its effects on human reproductive health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2024.1515166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T06:51:03Z","timestamp":1737096663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Histopathologic effects of mobile phone radiation exposure on the testes and sperm parameters: a systematic literature review of animal studies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ebrahim Msaye","family":"Assefa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seid Mohammed","family":"Abdu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Multiple definitions of infertility","year":"2016"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"7","article-title":"The effects of ginger on spermatogenesis and sperm parameters of rat","volume":"7","author":"Khaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iran J Reprod Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.033621","article-title":"Chemicals in the environment and human male fertility","volume":"64","author":"Olea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"3","article-title":"Effects of herbal medicine on male infertility","volume":"10","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3109\/14647273.2010.531883","article-title":"Environmental and lifestyle factors associated with sperm DNA damage","volume":"13","author":"Pacey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Fertil"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn004","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male infertility\u2014a clinical perspective","volume":"14","author":"Tremellen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2014.01.art14","article-title":"The influence of direct mobile phone radiation on sperm quality","volume":"67","author":"Gorpinchenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent European J Urol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"987","article-title":"Mobile phone usage and male infertility in Wistar rats","volume":"48","author":"Kesari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"12487","article-title":"The radioprotective effects of Moringa oleifera against mobile phone electromagnetic radiation-induced infertility in rats","volume":"8","author":"Bin-Meferij","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.4081\/aiua.2014.4.274","article-title":"The effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by the cell phones on the testicular tissue","volume":"30","author":"Karaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Ital Urolrol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.05.012","article-title":"Recovery of a low mutant frequency after ionizing radiation-induced mutagenesis during spermatogenesis","volume":"654","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2005.0324","article-title":"Image content influences men\u2019s semen quality","volume":"1","author":"Kilgallon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"18","article-title":"The influence of electromagnetic waves on sperm motility","volume":"19","author":"Davoudi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol Urogynaecol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/014850190924520","article-title":"Is there a relationship between cell phone use and semen quality?","volume":"51","author":"Fejes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Androl"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"36","article-title":"Effects of chronic exposure to 2G and 3G cell phone radiation on mice testis-A randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Mugunthan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Curr Res Rev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3109\/10520295.2015.1060356","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to a 900 MHz electromagnetic field on 60-day-old rat testis and epididymal sperm quality","volume":"91","author":"Odac\u0131","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotech Histochem"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.801850","article-title":"Long-term effects of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from mobile phone on testicular tissue and epididymal semen quality","volume":"8378","author":"Tas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electromagn Biol Med"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"6","article-title":"Effect of 3G\/4G mobile phone radiations on mice testis","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poll Res"},{"key":"B20","first-page":"1308","article-title":"Long \u2013 term exposure of rats to a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field: effects on reproductive function","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.20589","article-title":"The lack of histological changes of CDMA cellular phone-based radio frequency on rat testis","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"diFior\u2019s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations","author":"Eroschenko","year":"2007"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6446","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006446","article-title":"Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro","volume":"4","author":"De Iuliis","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.142802","article-title":"Complete human and rat ex vivo spermatogenesis from fresh or frozen testicular tissue","volume":"95","author":"Perrard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-55382011000400002","article-title":"Cell phones and male infertility: a review of recent innovations in technology and consequences","volume":"37","author":"Agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Braz J Urol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60338-0","article-title":"Cell phones and male infertility: dissecting the relationship","volume":"3","author":"Depinder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"455","article-title":"Histological study of testes and sperm parameters in adult mice exposed to 50 Hz electromagnetic field during developmental period","volume":"2","author":"Hamdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Biol Res"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.02.028","article-title":"Hematobiochemical and histopathological alterations of kidney and testis due to exposure of 4G cell phone radiation in mice","volume":"28","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-1-107","article-title":"Understanding spermatogenesis is a prerequisite for treatment","volume":"107","author":"Holstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.19082\/1701","article-title":"Evaluation of mouse embryos produced in vitro after electromagnetic waves exposure; morphometric study","volume":"8","author":"Rostamzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electron Physician"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"110","article-title":"Effects of the long term exposure to mobile phone on testicular histology and serum level of testosterone in mice","volume":"23","author":"Farjanikish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.10.023","article-title":"Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field (1.8\/0.9 GHz) on testicular function and structure in growing rats","volume":"93","author":"Nisbet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2020.68482","article-title":"Histological, immunohistochemical and molecular alterations in immature mice testes due to chronic exposure to Mobile phone radiofrequency radiation","volume":"78","author":"Nassar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.21608\/EJH.2018.7526","article-title":"Effect of mobile phone electromagnetic waves on rat testis and the possible ameliorating role of naringenin\u202f: a histological study","volume":"41","author":"Farag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt J Histol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.21608\/EJH.2021.72870.1464","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal exposure to cell phone radiation and its possible impact on the development of albino rat testicular tissue light and electron microscopic study","volume":"45","author":"Hegazy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egypt J Histol"},{"key":"B36","first-page":"518","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in rat testicular tissue after whole body exposure to electromagnetic radiation emitted from mobile phones","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int Acad Res Multidiscip"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.04.013","article-title":"The effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on the male rats' reproductive system and spermatogenic cell apoptosis exposed to low-dose ionizing irradiation","volume":"154","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"47","article-title":"The effects of green tea extract on teratogenicity induced by low frequency electromagnetic field on bone marrow Balb\/C mice embryo","volume":"3","author":"Baharara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Herbmed Pharmacol"},{"key":"B39","first-page":"1903","article-title":"Impact of electromagnetic field generated by mobile phone on prooxidant-antioxidant balance in selected internal organs of rats","author":"Sowa","year":"2013","journal-title":"PIERS Proc"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.869752","article-title":"Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions","volume":"34","author":"Dasdag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electromagn Biol Med"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"405","article-title":"Biological and morphological effects on the reproductive organ of rats after exposure to electromagnetic field","volume":"26","author":"Ozguner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233710389851","article-title":"Testicular apoptosis and histopathological changes induced by a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field","volume":"27","author":"Saygin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8696","article-title":"The tunica albuginea of the human testis is characterized by complex contraction and relaxation activities regulated by cyclic GMP","volume":"87","author":"Middendorff","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051302","article-title":"Decreased collagen production in chronologically aged skin: roles of age-dependent alteration in fibroblast function and defective mechanical stimulation","volume":"168","author":"Varani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"523","article-title":"Effects of long term exposure to a 2G cell phone radiation (900\u20131900 MHz) on mouse testis","volume":"3","author":"Mugunthan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res"},{"key":"B46","first-page":"890","article-title":"Effect of electromagnetic irradiation produced by 3G mobile phone on male rat reproductive system in a simulated scenario","volume":"52","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5053\/ejobios.2011.5.0.12","article-title":"The histopathological effects of an electromagnetic field on the kidney and testis of mice","volume":"5","author":"Khayyat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Asian J Bio Sci"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.21608\/ejhm.2019.25267","article-title":"The possible protective effect of vitamin E on adult albino rat\u2019s testes exposed to electromagnetic field emitted from a conventional cellular phone","volume":"74","author":"El-Naggar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med"},{"key":"B49","first-page":"327","article-title":"Effect of electromagnetic pulse irradiation on structure and function of Leydig cell in mice","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natl J Androl"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.29309\/TPMJ\/2009.16.02.2945","article-title":"Testicular morphology: effects of mobile phone induced electromagnetic fields on mice testes","volume":"16","author":"Zareen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Professional Med J"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.26.9.3595-3609.2006","article-title":"Loss of TSLC1 causes male infertility due to a defect at the spermatid stage of spermatogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Weyden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1073\/6\/062043","article-title":"Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on the diameter of seminiferous tubules in mice, in","volume":"62043","author":"Esa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Phys Conf Ser"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2016.1144063","article-title":"Microwave radiation (2.45 GHz)-induced oxidative stress: whole-body exposure effect on histopathology of Wistar rats","volume":"36","author":"Chauhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electromagn Biol Med"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(05)71008-5","article-title":"The blood testis barrier: its biology, regulation, and physiological role in spermatogene-sis","volume":"71","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2018.11.007","article-title":"Bio-physical effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on blood parameters, spermatozoa, liver, kidney and heart of albino rats","volume":"31","author":"Adebayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801798","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1801798","article-title":"Effect of electromagnetic waves from mobile phones on spermatogenesis in the era of 4G-LTE","volume":"2018","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"262","article-title":"Hypospermatogenesis and spermatozoa maturation arrest in rats induced by mobile phone radiation","volume":"21","author":"Meo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12772","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12772","article-title":"Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation from cell phone causes defective testicular function in male Wistar rats","volume":"49","author":"Oyewopo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4103\/2305-0500.326720","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of Punica granatum on sperm parameters in rats exposed to mobile radioelectromagnetic radiation","volume":"10","author":"Banavath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Reprod"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10083","article-title":"Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes","volume":"24","author":"Dasdag","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effects of mobile phone radiation on semen quality of rat","volume":"4","author":"Guan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin J Androl"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjr.2015.06.001","article-title":"Low frequency electromagnetic fields long-term exposure effects on testicular histology, sperm quality and testosterone levels of male rats","volume":"4","author":"Bahaodini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Reprod."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322009000600011","article-title":"Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9\/1.8 GHz) mobile phones induces oxidative stress and reduces sperm motility in rats","volume":"64","author":"Mailankot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"B64","first-page":"21","article-title":"The effects of cell phone waves (900 MHz-GSM band) on sperm parameters and total antioxidant capacity in rats","volume":"7","author":"Ghanbari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Fertility Steril"},{"key":"B65","first-page":"251","article-title":"Effects of laptop computers\u2019 electromagnetic field on sperm quality","volume":"11","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Reprod Infertil"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-010-9156-0","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductive pattern in male Wistar rats","volume":"164","author":"Kesari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2007.07.015","article-title":"Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs","volume":"1169","author":"Meral","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2005.03.021","article-title":"Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin","volume":"36","author":"Oktem","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Arch Med Res"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1336.014","article-title":"Mitochondrial function in leydig cell steroidogenesis","volume":"1061","author":"Hales","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.5.473","article-title":"Pathophysiology of varicoceles in male infertility","volume":"7","author":"Naughton","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Human Reprod Update"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60437-3","article-title":"Cell phones: modern man\u2019s nemesis?","volume":"18","author":"Makker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod BioMed Online"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"869","article-title":"Effects of mobile phone radiation on serum testosterone in Wistar albino rats","volume":"30","author":"Meo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0258","article-title":"Non-classical actions of testosterone and spermatogenesis","volume":"365","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-009-2195-x","article-title":"Testosterone and infertility","volume":"49","author":"Kliesch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urologe Artz"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.014373","article-title":"Effects of the exposure to mobile phones on male reproduction: a review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"La Vignera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116952","article-title":"Current progress on the effect of mobile phone radiation on sperm quality: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of human and animal studies","volume":"282","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.04.015","article-title":"Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00205.x","article-title":"Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-4278-7_3","article-title":"Cell aqua medium as a primary target for the effect of electromagnetic fields","volume-title":"BIOELECTROMAGNETICS Current Concepts: The Mechanisms of the Biological Effect of Extremely High Power Pulses","author":"Ayrapetyan","year":"2006"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2013.741282","article-title":"Influence of electromagnetic fields on reproductive system of male rats","volume":"89","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Rad Biol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2012.700292","article-title":"Evidence for mobile phone radiation exposure effects on reproductive pattern of male rats: role of ROS","volume":"31","author":"Kesari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electromagn Biol Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frph.2024.1515166\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T06:51:09Z","timestamp":1737096669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frph.2024.1515166\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frph.2024.1515166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frph.2024.1515166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"article-number":"1515166"}}