{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,12]],"date-time":"2026-07-12T04:12:12Z","timestamp":1783829532807,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among women, characterized by metabolic abnormalities and infertility. Despite its high prevalence, the etiology and pathogenesis of PCOS remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that persistent organic pollutants (POPs), known for their detrimental effects on the endocrine and reproductive systems, may play a role in the development and progression of PCOS. Among POPs, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are particularly widespread and pose significant health risks. This review examines the potential of OCPs as an environmental factor in the development and progression of PCOS. It highlights the mechanisms through which OCPs may disrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis and impair hormonal regulation, contributing to the onset and exacerbation of PCOS. Evidence links OCPs to insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These disruptions may occur via pathways involving hypothyroidism or altered adrenal androgen secretion. While current evidence supports a plausible connection between OCP exposure and PCOS, significant gaps and inconsistencies in the data warrant further investigation. Elucidating the precise mechanisms underlying these associations is crucial for developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2025.1563414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T05:33:10Z","timestamp":1756791190000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Polycystic ovary syndrome and organochlorine pesticides: exploring potential links and mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanjia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yihan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuduan","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashif","family":"Hayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.05.003","article-title":"Criteria, prevalence, and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"106","author":"Lizneva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Escobar-Morreale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.011","article-title":"Human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds: their role in reproductive systems, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. A review","volume":"151","author":"Giulivo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-00946-7","article-title":"Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: a pan-global survey","volume":"44","author":"Keswani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Geochem Health"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Stockholm convention on persistence organic pollutants","volume-title":"Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants","year":"2009"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Annex A of the Stockholm Convention","year":"2017"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/jox12020007","article-title":"Membrane hormone receptors and their signaling pathways as targets for endocrine disruptors","volume":"12","author":"Combarnous","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Xenobiot"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-14-86","article-title":"Exploring the potential association between brominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates, and bisphenol A in polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Vagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev123","article-title":"Association of serum levels of typical organic pollutants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a case-control study","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.12.127","article-title":"Association of serum organochlorine pesticides concentrations with reproductive hormone levels and polycystic ovary syndrome in a Chinese population","volume":"171","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2023.08.005","article-title":"Questioning PCOS phenotypes for reclassification and tailored therapy","volume":"34","author":"Myers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae066","article-title":"Epigenetic\/circadian clocks and PCOS","volume":"39","author":"Vatier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-23-0342","article-title":"Hormonal changes in PCOS","volume":"261","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.12.013","article-title":"Stein and leventhal: 80 years on","volume":"214","author":"Azziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez185","article-title":"Recommendations for epidemiologic and phenotypic research in polycystic ovary syndrome: an androgen excess and PCOS society resource","volume":"34","author":"Azziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa371","article-title":"Measuring the global disease burden of polycystic ovary syndrome in 194 countries: global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac091","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability due to polycystic ovary syndrome in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019","volume":"37","author":"Safiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"B18","article-title":"Society at a Glance 2024","year":"2024"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218211","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: a brain disorder characterized by eating problems originating during puberty and adolescence","volume":"21","author":"Steegers-Theunissen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15748.DSC","article-title":"American association of clinical endocrinologists, American college of endocrinology, and androgen excess and pcos society disease state clinical review: guide to the best practices in the evaluation and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome\u2014Part 1","volume":"21","author":"Goodman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.4158\/EP15748.DSCPT2","article-title":"American Association of clinical endocrinologists, American college of endocrinology, and androgen excess and pcos society disease state clinical review: guide to the best practices in the evaluation and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome\u2014Part 2","volume":"21","author":"Goodman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.002","article-title":"Characteristics of obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, treatment, and genetics","volume":"92","author":"Glueck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab Clin Exp"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2023.19.1.71","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome as metabolic disease: new insights on insulin resistance","volume":"19","author":"Genazzani","year":"2023","journal-title":"touchREV Endocrinol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad463","article-title":"Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Teede","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.01945.x","article-title":"Relationship of GnRH-stimulated LH release to episodic LH secretion and baseline endocrine-metabolic measures in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Patel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2056J","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents","volume":"145","author":"Trent","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn028","article-title":"Follicle dynamics and anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Franks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.10.011","article-title":"Higher luteinizing hormone levels associated with antimullerian hormone in postmenarchal daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Crisosto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.10.003","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: ontogeny in adolescence","volume":"50","author":"Burt Solorzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2019.08.100","article-title":"Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: concept versus cutoff","volume":"112","author":"Greenwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-020-00670-3","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in the development of insulin resistance and the mechanism underlying polycystic ovary syndrome: a review","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ovarian Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1159\/000479371","article-title":"An international consortium update: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence","volume":"88","author":"Ibanez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.11.003","article-title":"Polycystic ovarian syndrome: correlation between hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and obesity","volume":"502","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-022-02625-7","article-title":"A brief insight into the etiology, genetics, and immunology of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)","volume":"39","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.10.002","article-title":"Improvement of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: possible effect in the ovarian follicular mass of their daughters","volume":"97","author":"Crisosto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9658-7","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women aged less than 50 years: an Australian case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Fearnley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2016.05.008","article-title":"Mechanism of action of endosulfan as disruptor of gonadal steroidogenesis in the cichlid fish cichlasoma dimerus","volume":"187","author":"Da Cuna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-016-0029-2","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk of endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Res Pract"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.2741\/e829","article-title":"Pathomechanisms of polycystic ovary syndrome: multidimensional approaches","volume":"10","author":"Sagvekar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020583","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis, management, and drug repurposing","volume":"23","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12263","article-title":"Biomonitoring and hormone-disrupting effect biomarkers of persistent organic pollutants in vitro and ex vivo","volume":"115","author":"Bonefeld-Jorgensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.186","article-title":"Early-life exposure to EDCs: role in childhood obesity and neurodevelopment","volume":"13","author":"Braun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09521-z","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting chemicals: exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention","volume":"21","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.05.059","article-title":"Bisphenol A concentration-dependently increases human granulosa-lutein cell matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) enzyme output","volume":"25","author":"Dominguez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.009","article-title":"Can environmental pollutant bisphenol A increase metabolic risk in polycystic ovary syndrome?","volume":"507","author":"Milanovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01410-y","article-title":"Bisphenol a downregulates GLUT4 expression by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor to exacerbate polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.258","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: terminology, classification, and origins","volume":"7","author":"Buck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106819","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water and risk for polycystic ovarian syndrome, uterine leiomyoma, and endometriosis: a Swedish cohort study","volume":"157","author":"Hammarstrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175313","article-title":"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome risk among women attending a fertility clinic","volume":"950","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233484","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1233484","article-title":"Serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels and circulating miRNAs in non-obese women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Brennan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162935","article-title":"Individual and mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides exposure in relation to metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults","volume":"877","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131495","article-title":"The relationship between urinary phthalate metabolites and polycystic ovary syndrome in women undergoing in vitro fertilization: nested case-control study","volume":"286","author":"Al-Saleh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104233","article-title":"Individual and joint associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with polycystic ovary and polycystic ovary syndrome: results from the TREE cohort","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2018.1496214","article-title":"The obesogen tributyltin induces features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a review","volume":"21","author":"Merlo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116494","article-title":"Chronic exposure to PPCPs mixture at environmentally relevant concentrations (ERCs) altered carbohydrate and lipid metabolism through gut and liver toxicity in zebrafish","volume":"273","author":"Hamid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.137463","article-title":"Exposure to bisphenol A and its analogs and polycystic ovarian syndrome in women of childbearing age: a multicenter case-control study","volume":"313","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12602","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01922","article-title":"The PCOS-NAFLD multidisease phenotype occurred in medaka fish four generations after the removal of bisphenol a exposure","volume":"57","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11814","article-title":"Environmental exposure to emerging alternatives of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polycystic ovarian syndrome in women diagnosed with infertility: a mixture analysis","volume":"131","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270949","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1270949","article-title":"Exploration of the correlation of serum polychlorinated biphenyl levels with luteal phase hormonal parameters and infertility in women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Butler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.139600","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in adipose tissue of women from grand Tunis and their association with demographic factors and dietary habits","volume":"338","author":"Achour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2009.06.003","article-title":"Levels and regional trends of persistent organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Asian breast milk demonstrate POPs signatures unique to individual countries","volume":"35","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B62","first-page":"101","article-title":"The CDC fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals: what it tells US about our toxic burden and how it assists environmental medicine physicians","volume":"15","author":"Crinnion","year":"2010","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.12.009","article-title":"Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in pooled human serum by age and gender","volume":"154","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.06.017","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides and female puberty in south Kazakhstan","volume":"65","author":"Bapayeva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-12155-3","article-title":"Organopesticides and fertility: where does the link lead to?","volume":"28","author":"Venkidasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104939","article-title":"Transplacental transfer of organochlorine pesticides: concentration ratio and chiral properties","volume":"130","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.337","article-title":"Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in cord serum of newborns in Wuhan, China","volume":"636","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.10.009","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticide dieldrin upregulate proximal promoter (PII) driven CYP19A1 gene expression and increases estrogen production in granulosa cells","volume":"106","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.12.011","article-title":"Effect of organochlorine pesticides on human androgen receptor activation in vitro","volume":"196","author":"Lemaire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbd.2020.100746","article-title":"Transcriptome and physiological effects of toxaphene on the liver-gonad reproductive axis in male and female largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","volume":"36","author":"Martyniuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109513","article-title":"Efficient in vivo and in silico assessments of antiandrogenic potential in zebrafish","volume":"264","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.05.017","article-title":"Developmental programming: impact of fetal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals on gonadotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen receptor mRNA in sheep hypothalamus","volume":"247","author":"Mahoney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq192","article-title":"Genomic and proteomic responses to environmentally relevant exposures to dieldrin: indicators of neurodegeneration?","volume":"117","author":"Martyniuk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2011.12.007","article-title":"Endosulfan and flutamide, alone and in combination, target ovarian growth in juvenile catfish, clarias batrachus","volume":"155","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"PI37","article-title":"Methoxychlor modifies the ultradian secretory pattern of prolactin and affects its TRH response","volume":"9","author":"Lafuente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.05.006","article-title":"Endosulfan effects on pituitary hormone and both nitrosative and oxidative stress in pubertal male rats","volume":"197","author":"Caride","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.07.012","article-title":"Association between serum levels of organochlorine pesticides and sex hormones in adults living in a heavily contaminated area in Brazil","volume":"217","author":"Freire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.05.005","article-title":"Tissue distribution of organic contaminants in stranded pregnant sperm whale (Physeter microcephalus) from the Huizhou coast of the South China Sea","volume":"144","author":"Zhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125691","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides induce inflammation, ROS production, and DNA damage in human epithelial ovary cells: an in vitro study","volume":"246","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.11.011","article-title":"Secretory function of ovarian cells and myometrial contractions in cow are affected by chlorinated insecticides (chlordane, heptachlor, mirex) in vitro","volume":"314","author":"Wrobel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.01.143","article-title":"Chlorinated insecticides (toxaphene and endrin) affect oxytocin, testosterone, oestradiol and prostaglandin secretion from ovarian and uterine cells as well as myometrial contractions in cow in vitro","volume":"198","author":"Wrobel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz195","article-title":"Pentachloronitrobenzene alters progesterone production and primordial follicle recruitment in cultured granulosa cells and rat ovarydagger","volume":"102","author":"Kuai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2017.03.004","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting compounds modulates adiponectin secretion, expression of its receptors and action on steroidogenesis in ovarian follicle","volume":"69","author":"Rak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22221","article-title":"N-acetyl cysteine-mediated effective attenuation of methoxychlor-induced granulosa cell apoptosis by counteracting reactive oxygen species generation in caprine ovary","volume":"32","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2019.04.002","article-title":"Bioaccumulation and toxicity of methoxychlor on Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)","volume":"221","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2014.06.003","article-title":"The ameliorative effect of propolis against methoxychlor induced ovarian toxicity in rat","volume":"66","author":"El-Sharkawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2022.106956","article-title":"Effects of neonatal methoxychlor exposure on the ovarian transcriptome in piglets","volume":"238","author":"Knapczyk-Stwora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.12.001","article-title":"Methoxychlor and its metabolite HPTE inhibit cAMP production and expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in the rat granulosa cell in vitro","volume":"51","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052780","article-title":"Long-term changes in ovarian follicles of gilts exposed neonatally to methoxychlor: effects on oocyte-derived factors, anti-mullerian hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and cognate receptors","volume":"23","author":"Witek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.1.06592","article-title":"Early postnatal methoxychlor exposure inhibits folliculogenesis and stimulates anti-mullerian hormone production in the rat ovary","volume":"191","author":"Uzumcu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2017.09.008","article-title":"The pesticide lindane induces dose-dependent damage to granulosa cells in an in vitro culture","volume":"17","author":"Palmerini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.11.003","article-title":"The effect of follicullar fluid pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) embryological and clinical outcome","volume":"220","author":"Al-Hussaini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.09.030","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides in follicular fluid of women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies from central China","volume":"207","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112626","article-title":"Follicular fluid and blood levels of persistent organic pollutants and reproductive outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies","volume":"208","author":"Bjorvang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00613","article-title":"The discovery of insulin: an important milestone in the history of medicine","volume":"9","author":"Vecchio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101325","article-title":"Structural principles of insulin formulation and analog design: a century of innovation","volume":"52","author":"Jarosinski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101304","article-title":"Insulin action at a molecular level\u2014100 years of progress","volume":"52","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0280","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01351-0","article-title":"Insulin resistance and PCOS: chicken or egg?","volume":"44","author":"Moghetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.116940","article-title":"Hyperandrogenemia and insulin resistance: the chief culprit of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"236","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1091147","article-title":"Insulin resistance, autophagy and apoptosis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: association with PI3K signaling pathway","volume":"13","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2018.09.014","article-title":"Sub-toxic exposure to lindane activates redox sensitive kinases and impairs insulin signaling in muscle cell culture: the possible mechanism of lindane-induced insulin resistance","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol in Vitro"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581819850577","article-title":"Effect of subtoxic DDT exposure on glucose uptake and insulin signaling in rat L6 myoblast-derived myotubes","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Toxicol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107175","article-title":"Associations between persistent organic pollutants and type 1 diabetes in youth","volume":"163","author":"Bresson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125123","article-title":"New insight into the mechanism of POP-induced obesity: evidence from DDE-altered microbiota","volume":"244","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv315","article-title":"Exposure to p,p\u2032-DDE alters macrophage reactivity and increases macrophage numbers in adipose stromal vascular fraction","volume":"150","author":"Mangum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.07.039","article-title":"Prospective associations between persistent organic pollutants and metabolic syndrome: a nested case-control study","volume":"496","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.07.017","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome is associated with exposure to organochlorine pesticides in Anniston, AL, United States","volume":"108","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115350","article-title":"Cross-sectional associations of persistent organic pollutants measured in adipose tissue and metabolic syndrome in clinically diagnosed middle-aged adults","volume":"222","author":"Reina-Perez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.11.001","article-title":"Persistent organic pollutants in young adults and changes in glucose related metabolism over a 23-year follow-up","volume":"137","author":"Suarez-Lopez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.04.002","article-title":"Human adipose tissue levels of persistent organic pollutants and metabolic syndrome components: combining a cross-sectional with a 10-year longitudinal study using a multi-pollutant approach","volume":"104","author":"Mustieles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.06.005","article-title":"Mixture effects of 30 environmental contaminants on incident metabolic syndrome-A prospective study","volume":"107","author":"Lind","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx267","article-title":"Blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and unhealthy metabolic phenotypes in normal-weight, overweight, and obese individuals","volume":"187","author":"Gasull","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2017.12.008","article-title":"Can persistent organic pollutants distinguish between two opposite metabolic phenotypes in lean Koreans?","volume":"44","author":"Ha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2020.0093","article-title":"Level of organochlorine pesticide in prediabetic and newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus patients with varying degree of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance among north Indian population","volume":"45","author":"Tyagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8984","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110908984","article-title":"Strong associations between the pesticide hexachlorocyclohexane and type 2 diabetes in Saudi adults","volume":"11","author":"Al-Othman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116287","article-title":"High levels of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: a study in north India","volume":"271","author":"Tyagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128596","article-title":"Association between type 2 diabetes and exposure to chlorinated persistent organic pollutants in Algeria: a case-control study","volume":"264","author":"Mansouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106607","article-title":"Associations of accumulated selected persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue with insulin sensitivity and risk of incident type-2 diabetes","volume":"155","author":"Barrios-Rodriguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120151","article-title":"Endrin potentiates early-stage adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by activating the mammalian target of rapamycin","volume":"288","author":"Seok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.03.004","article-title":"Associations between persistent organic pollutants and metabolic syndrome in morbidly obese individuals","volume":"28","author":"Dusanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242050","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1242050","article-title":"The role of the thyroid in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11278-x","article-title":"Hexachlorobenzene, a pollutant in hypothyroidism and reproductive aberrations: a perceptive transgenerational study","volume":"28","author":"Dhaibar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.03.058","article-title":"Association between organohalogenated pollutants in cord blood and thyroid function in newborns and mothers from Belgian population","volume":"238","author":"Dufour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2024.104435","article-title":"Impact of endocrine-active compounds on adrenal androgen production in pigs during neonatal period","volume":"107","author":"Knapczyk-Stwora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.09.009","article-title":"In utero methoxychlor exposure increases rat fetal Leydig cell number but inhibits its function","volume":"370","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094912","article-title":"Impact of prenatal and postnatal exposure to endocrine disrupter DDT on adrenal medulla function","volume":"23","author":"Yaglova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.115999","article-title":"Paternal p,p\u2032-DDE exposure and pre-pubertal high-fat diet increases the susceptibility to fertility impairment and sperm Igf2 DMR2 hypo-methylation in male offspring","volume":"271","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134469","article-title":"Serum multiple organochlorine pesticides in relation to testosterone concentrations among Chinese men from an infertility clinic","volume":"299","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B130","first-page":"3942","article-title":"Differential regulation of cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 by a combination of dioxin and pesticides in the breast tumor cell line MCF-7","volume":"61","author":"Coumoul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/26896583.2022.2043135","article-title":"A case-control study of polychlorinated biphenyl association with metabolic and hormonal outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C Toxicol Carcinog"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.46.513","article-title":"Growth stimulation of a rat pituitary cell line MtT\/E-2 by environmental estrogens in vitro and in vivo","volume":"46","author":"Maruyama","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocr J"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frph.2025.1563414\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T05:33:12Z","timestamp":1756791192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frph.2025.1563414\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"references-count":132,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frph.2025.1563414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frph.2025.1563414","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"article-number":"1563414"}}