{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:22:51Z","timestamp":1791390171993,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tubal factor infertility is one of the most prevalent and diagnostically complex causes of female infertility. Standard imaging modalities, including hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy, frequently fail to detect subtle mucosal or molecular abnormalities. This study investigated whether combining salpingoscopy with immunohistochemical (IHC) profiling improves diagnostic precision and prognostic assessment in women with tubal-factor infertility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective observational cohort study included 197 women who underwent laparoscopy between April 2020 and February 2025. Salpingoscopy was used to grade mucosal pathology severity, and ampullary biopsies were analyzed by IHC for CD138, Ki-67, and estrogen\/progesterone receptors. A composite prognosis score incorporated clinical history, duration of conservative therapy, salpingoscopic findings, and IHC results. Spearman's rank correlation assessed associations between diagnostic parameters and pregnancy outcomes (natural or assisted).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher salpingoscopic severity scores were significantly associated with reduced pregnancy likelihood (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.457;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.0001). Elevated IHC scores similarly correlated with decreased conception rates (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.263;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0002). Tubal dilations and adhesions showed negative associations with reproductive outcomes (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.232;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001). In contrast, the composite prognosis score demonstrated a strong positive correlation with treatment success (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.578;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Integrating salpingoscopic visualization with IHC profiling enhances detection of subtle mucosal and molecular abnormalities that are frequently missed by conventional diagnostic approaches. This combined modality offers superior prognostic accuracy and may guide personalized surgical and assisted reproductive treatment strategies. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Kazakhstan Medical University \u00abKSPH\u00bb (IRB-64-2023).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2025.1701315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T06:31:02Z","timestamp":1764225062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Integrating salpingoscopy and immunohistochemistry to improve tubal infertility diagnosis: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Adalyat","family":"Alenova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuar","family":"Korkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Almagul","family":"Kauysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam","family":"Magalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoac051","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","article-title":"Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2022","author":"Cox","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12010285","article-title":"The correlation between chronic endometritis and tubal-factor infertility","volume":"12","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30990","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30990","article-title":"A review of tubal factors affecting fertility and its management","volume":"14","author":"Ambildhuke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75124-3","article-title":"Effects of age on pregnancy outcomes in patients with simple tubal factor infertility receiving frozen-thawed embryo transfer","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e17461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17461","article-title":"Evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingo-contrast sonography (HyCoSy): controversies, dilemmas and considerations","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.05.020","article-title":"Modern assessment of the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes in the era of high-efficacy assisted reproductive technology","volume":"118","author":"Devine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertil. 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