{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:58:27Z","timestamp":1793213907249,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":183,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Black and African American women in the United States experience disproportionately high rates of maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, including placenta-mediated complications such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, and miscarriage. These inequities arise from the interaction of social and environmental conditions with biological pathways that become embedded over the life course, with the placenta serving as a central mediator. In this review, we examine how placental biology integrates genetic variation, epigenetic regulation, paternal contributions, immune processes, and lived social context to shape pregnancy outcomes. We synthesize evidence showing that placental dysfunction, particularly immune dysregulation driven by infectious, environmental, and psychosocial stressors, contributes to placenta-mediated complications with disproportionate impacts among African American women. We highlight how reliance on racial categories in U.S. biomedical research can obscure biological inference and argue for ancestry-informed approaches, alongside self-identified ethnicity, to disentangle inherited genetic variation from socially patterned exposures. Surveying published genome-wide association studies, we show that underrepresentation of African-ancestry populations remains a major constraint on discovery and translation in pregnancy genomic research. We further describe how placental epigenetic mechanisms link socioeconomic and environmental exposures to fetal development, placental aging, and long-term maternal\u2013child health. Finally, we discuss how pregnancy and placental datasets remain sparse and fragmented, and consider how machine-learning approaches may improve pregnancy risk prediction when designed with equity in mind, by integrating placental multi-omics, ancestry-aware genomics, clinical data, and social determinants. Together, this review positions the placenta as a critical interface through which structural inequities shape maternal\u2013fetal health and identifies priorities for more inclusive and equitable research and health care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2026.1783837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:46:25Z","timestamp":1776231985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Placental biology links genetic, epigenetic, ancestral, and social determinants to maternal\u2013fetal health inequities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Viviane","family":"Schuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indrani","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan Rodrigo Nascimento","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Santo Amaro Campus, Centro Universitario Senac","place":["Sao Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimot","family":"Olanrewaju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerrica","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shakera","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami","place":["Miami, FL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica L.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","volume-title":"Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000 to 2023: Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA\/Population Division","year":"2023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc\/174577","article-title":"Maternal mortality rates in the United States, 2023. Health E-Stats","author":"Hoyert","year":"2025"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000747","article-title":"Preeclampsia among African American pregnant women: an update on prevalence, complications, etiology, and biomarkers","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.07.007","article-title":"Black\u2013white disparities in preterm birth: geographic, social, and health determinants","volume":"57","author":"Thoma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0055","article-title":"Diabetes in pregnancy for mothers and offspring: reflection on 30 years of clinical and translational research: the 2022 norbert freinkel award lecture","volume":"46","author":"Xiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1177\/00957984221127833","article-title":"A qualitative exploration of stressors: voices of African American women who have experienced each type of fetal\/infant loss: miscarriage, stillbirth, and infant mortality","volume":"49","author":"Evans","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc174609","article-title":"Trends and differences in infant mortality rates in rural and metropolitan counties in the United States, 2021\u20132023","volume":"534","author":"Ely","year":"2025","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30311-8","article-title":"Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health","volume":"391","author":"Stephenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-01963-x","article-title":"Social determinants of health in pregnant individuals from underrepresented, understudied, and underreported populations in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Girardi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174419000801","article-title":"Maternal cardiometabolic factors and genetic ancestry influence epigenetic aging of the placenta","volume":"12","author":"Workalemahu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068408","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1068408","article-title":"Paternal epigenetic influences on placental health and their impacts on offspring development and disease","volume":"13","author":"Bhadsavle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02010-5","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of prenatal maternal stressful life events and newborn DNA methylation","volume":"28","author":"Ruehlmann A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531543","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.531543","article-title":"Maternal-fetal inflammation in the placenta and the developmental origins of health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Goldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"57","article-title":"Disability, eugenics, and the culture wars","volume":"2","author":"Lombardo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Louis UJ Health L. & Pol'y"},{"key":"B15","author":"Washington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"131","article-title":"Willful disregard: how ignoring structural racism in maternal mortality has led black women to become invisible in their own crisis","volume":"38","author":"Jackson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Berkeley J Gender L Just"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198565895.001.0001","author":"Marmot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Determinants of Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.21.080195.002025","article-title":"S. Socioeconomic and racial differences in health: patterns and explanations","volume":"21","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu Rev Sociol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460","article-title":"The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine","volume":"196","author":"Engel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"The Women\u2019s Health Movement: Feminist Alternatives to Medical Control","author":"Ruzek","year":"1978"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9185-0","article-title":"Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0278115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278115","article-title":"APOL1 genotype associated risk for preeclampsia in African populations: rationale and protocol design for studies in women of African ancestry in resource limited settings","volume":"17","author":"Osafo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2018.08.002","article-title":"Fetal\u2014not maternal\u2014APOL1 genotype associated with risk for preeclampsia in those with African ancestry","volume":"103","author":"Reidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1193032","article-title":"Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans","volume":"329","author":"Genovese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-024-01635-9","article-title":"Epigenetics of prenatal stress in humans: the current research landscape","volume":"16","author":"Dieckmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2020.100273","article-title":"Pregnancy associated epigenetic markers of inflammation predict depression and anxiety symptoms in response to discrimination","volume":"13","author":"Sluiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-052020-105613","article-title":"Understanding health inequalities through the lens of social epigenetics","volume":"43","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2019.1614743","article-title":"Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in placentas from preterm infants: association with maternal socioeconomic status","volume":"14","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2015.1062964","article-title":"DNA methylation provides insight into intergenerational risk for preterm birth in African Americans","volume":"10","author":"Parets","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130139","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1130139","article-title":"Machine learning applied in maternal and fetal health: a narrative review focused on pregnancy diseases and complications","volume":"14","author":"Mennickent","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17455","article-title":"Multicenter screening for pre-eclampsia by maternal factors and biomarkers at 11\u201313 weeks\u2019 gestation: comparison with NICE guidelines and ACOG recommendations","volume":"49","author":"O'Gorman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704559","article-title":"Aspirin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk for preterm preeclampsia","volume":"377","author":"Rolnik","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1262110","article-title":"The genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) pilot analysis: multitissue gene regulation in humans","volume":"348","author":"Ardlie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22695-y","article-title":"The RNA landscape of the human placenta in health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ooad067","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad067","article-title":"Who is pregnant? Defining real-world data-based pregnancy episodes in the national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C)","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192033","article-title":"Inferring pregnancy episodes and outcomes within a network of observational databases","volume":"13","author":"Matcho","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2789","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae195","article-title":"Pregnancy episodes in all of US: harnessing multi-source data for pregnancy-related research","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.07.035","article-title":"It\u2019s the mother!: how assumptions about the causal primacy of maternal effects influence research on the developmental origins of health and disease","volume":"213","author":"Sharp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2015.02.008","article-title":"Epigenetic inheritance and evolution: a paternal perspective on dietary influences","volume":"118","author":"Soubry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-0580-y","article-title":"The GWAS diversity monitor tracks diversity by disease in real time","volume":"52","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B41","author":"Mills","year":""},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/538161a","article-title":"Genomics is failing on diversity","volume":"538","author":"Popejoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e150255","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150255","article-title":"The quagmire of race, genetic ancestry, and health disparities","volume":"131","author":"Sirugo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-024-01711-z","article-title":"Advancing genomics to improve health equity","volume":"56","author":"Madden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2022.100570","article-title":"The all of US research program: data quality, utility, and diversity","volume":"3","author":"Ramirez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06957-x","article-title":"Genomic data in the all of US research program","volume":"627","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13997","article-title":"The African genome variation project shapes medical genetics in Africa","volume":"517","author":"Gurdasani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-05896-x","article-title":"A draft human pangenome reference","volume":"617","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj6987","article-title":"The complete sequence of a human genome","volume":"376","author":"Nurk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74297","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.74297","article-title":"Gene expression phylogenies and ancestral transcriptome reconstruction resolves major transitions in the origins of pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Mika","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R179","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0325","article-title":"The evolution of the placenta","volume":"152","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-09065-5","volume-title":"Vertebrate Fetal Membranes: Comparative Ontogeny and Morphology, Evolution, Phylogenetic Significance, Basic Functions, Research Opportunities","author":"Mossman","year":"1987"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-46","article-title":"Comparative aspects of trophoblast development and placentation","volume":"2","author":"Carter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01091","article-title":"The role of placental hormones in mediating maternal adaptations to support pregnancy and lactation","volume":"9","author":"Napso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339304","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1339304","article-title":"Melatonin: the placental antioxidant and anti-inflammatory","volume":"15","author":"Joseph","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140066","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0066","article-title":"The placenta: a multifaceted, transient organ","volume":"370","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat6114","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat6114","article-title":"Immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"4","author":"Ander","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09972","article-title":"A transient placental source of serotonin for the fetal forebrain","volume":"472","author":"Bonnin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.68.6.797","article-title":"Fetal and infant origins of cardiovascular disease","volume":"68","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0965539500001005","article-title":"The fetal origins of adult disease","volume":"6","author":"Barker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fetal Matern Med Rev"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nux053","article-title":"Developmental origins of health and disease: current knowledge and potential mechanisms","volume":"75","author":"Hoffman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588S","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2004.10719428","article-title":"The developmental origins of adult disease","volume":"23","author":"Barker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.11.577","article-title":"Pathophysiology of placental-derived fetal growth restriction","volume":"218","author":"Burton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100814-125620","article-title":"Placenta: the forgotten organ","volume":"31","author":"Maltepe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.08.037","article-title":"The human placenta project: it\u2019s time for real time","volume":"213","author":"Guttmacher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/reprodmed2020009","article-title":"Monitoring, delivery and outcome in early onset fetal growth restriction","volume":"2","author":"Dall'Asta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2013.05.003","article-title":"If we know so much about preeclampsia, why haven't we cured the disease?","volume":"99","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17378","article-title":"Placental syndromes: getting to the heart of the matter","volume":"49","author":"Thilaganathan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401536","article-title":"The human fetal placenta promotes tolerance against the semiallogeneic fetus by inducing regulatory T cells and homeostatic M2 macrophages","volume":"194","author":"Svensson-Arvelund","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728291","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.728291","article-title":"Role of decidual natural killer cells in human pregnancy and related pregnancy complications","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07364-3","article-title":"Decidual macrophage: a reversible role in immunotolerance between mother and fetus during pregnancy","volume":"309","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642392","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.642392","article-title":"Crosstalk between trophoblasts and decidual immune cells: the cornerstone of maternal-fetal immunotolerance","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02070","article-title":"Innate immune mechanisms to protect against infection at the human decidual-placental interface","volume":"11","author":"Hoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6993","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-04893-8","article-title":"Understanding the dynamics of human defensin antimicrobial peptides: pathogen resistance and commensal induction","volume":"196","author":"Kumaresan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063119","article-title":"Crosstalk among polymorphonuclear neutrophils, immune, and non-immune cells via released cytokines, granule proteins, microvesicles, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation: a novel concept of biology and pathobiology for neutrophils","volume":"22","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x","article-title":"The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity","volume":"63","author":"Mor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-100003","article-title":"Immunology of the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"31","author":"Erlebacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI68107","article-title":"Uterine NK cells: active regulators at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"124","author":"Moffett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340802005126","article-title":"Spontaneous preterm birth, a clinical dilemma: etiologic, pathophysiologic and genetic heterogeneities and racial disparity","volume":"87","author":"Menon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22062921","article-title":"Placental immune responses to viruses: molecular and histo-pathologic perspectives","volume":"22","author":"Narang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240400","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2024.0400","article-title":"Joining the dots: maternal cytomegalovirus, HIV and the placenta","volume":"380","author":"Paarwater","year":"2025","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03731-7","article-title":"Biomarkers for a histological chorioamnionitis diagnosis in pregnant women with or without group B streptococcus infection: a case-control study","volume":"21","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00117","article-title":"Placental malaria: a new insight into the pathophysiology","volume":"4","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007807","article-title":"Acute toxoplasma infection in pregnant women worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Rostami","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010106","article-title":"The impact of oxidative stress of environmental origin on the onset of placental diseases","volume":"11","author":"Ruano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.06.385","article-title":"Racial differences in placental pathology among very preterm births","volume":"83","author":"Matoba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7899","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157899","article-title":"Human placental transcriptome reveals critical alterations in inflammation and energy metabolism with fetal sex differences in spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"22","author":"Lien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54090-0_3","article-title":"Hofbauer cells: placental macrophages of fetal origin","volume":"62","author":"Reyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Results Probl Cell Differ"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2020-206536","article-title":"Placental microbial\u2013metabolite profiles and inflammatory mechanisms associated with preterm birth","volume":"74","author":"Parris","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.05.049","article-title":"Association between placental inflammatory pathology and offspring neurodevelopment at 8 months and 4 and 7 years of age","volume":"225","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00757-z","article-title":"Acknowledging and addressing allostatic load in pregnancy care","volume":"8","author":"Riggan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2019.07.004","article-title":"The two-stage placental model of preeclampsia: an update","volume":"134","author":"Staff","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000531462","article-title":"Fetal origins of health disparities: transgenerational consequences of racism","volume":"46","author":"Matoba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0228664","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228664","article-title":"Pregnancy complications recur independently of maternal vascular malperfusion lesions","volume":"15","author":"Christians","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684207","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2021.684207","article-title":"Explaining the black-white disparity in preterm birth: a consensus statement from a multi-disciplinary scientific work group convened by the march of dimes","volume":"3","author":"Braveman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Reprod Health"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23882","article-title":"AAPA statement on race and racism","volume":"169","author":"Fuentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"B97","volume-title":"Using Population Descriptors in Genetics and Genomics Research: A new Framework for an Evolving Field","year":"2023"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2025.04.012","article-title":"Subcontinental genetic variation in the all of US research program: implications for biomedical research","volume":"112","author":"Gouveia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Human Genet"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac4951","article-title":"Taking race out of human genetics","volume":"351","author":"Yudell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24144","article-title":"Leveraging genetic ancestry to study health disparities","volume":"175","author":"Batai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300544","article-title":"Methods for the scientific study of discrimination and health: an ecosocial approach","volume":"102","author":"Krieger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716215586558","article-title":"Great is their sin: biological determinism in the age of genomics","volume":"661","author":"Graves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1105436","article-title":"Whole-genome patterns of common DNA variation in three human populations","volume":"307","author":"Hinds","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2016.08.007","article-title":"Recent advances in the study of fine-scale population structure in humans","volume":"41","author":"Novembre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X12473751","article-title":"Effects of prenatal stress on pregnancy and human development: mechanisms and pathways","volume":"6","author":"Coussons-Read","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet Med"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02403-6","article-title":"Placental transcriptomic signatures of prenatal and preconceptional maternal stress","volume":"29","author":"Baker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1310-4","article-title":"Genetic analyses of diverse populations improves discovery for complex traits","volume":"570","author":"Wojcik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.051","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies in ancestrally diverse populations: opportunities, methods, pitfalls, and recommendations","volume":"179","author":"Peterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02374-9","article-title":"Polygenic prediction of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Honigberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddac050","article-title":"Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of gestational diabetes mellitus highlights genetic links with type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Pervjakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61218-9","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in nulliparas","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.12021","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of preeclampsia detects novel maternal single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy-number variants in subsets of the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) study cohort","volume":"77","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15608","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15608","article-title":"Genome-wide approach identifies a novel gene-maternal prepregnancy BMI interaction on preterm birth","volume":"8","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-1093-1","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies a novel maternal gene\u00d7 stress interaction associated with spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"89","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21887","article-title":"A genome-wide association study of early spontaneous preterm delivery","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5980","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19742-5","article-title":"The genetic architecture of sporadic and multiple consecutive miscarriage","volume":"11","author":"Laisk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2015.00126","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the light of the epigenetic paradigm","volume":"6","author":"Schuch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.02.045","article-title":"Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: myths and mechanisms","volume":"157","author":"Heard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.01.033","article-title":"The mammalian epigenome","volume":"128","author":"Bernstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05918","article-title":"Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development","volume":"447","author":"Reik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0092-0","article-title":"Genomic imprinting disorders: lessons on how genome, epigenome and environment interact","volume":"20","author":"Monk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41211","article-title":"The placenta: transcriptional, epigenetic, and physiological integration during development","volume":"120","author":"Maltepe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-017-0788-5","article-title":"The placental gateway of maternal transgenerational epigenetic inheritance","volume":"96","author":"Sailasree","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Genet"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.12.026","article-title":"The epigenetics of social adversity in early life: implications for mental health outcomes","volume":"39","author":"McGowan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.112","article-title":"DNA methylation and its basic function","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2018.1549462","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation in human trophoblast differentiation","volume":"13","author":"Gamage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.8.16793","article-title":"The early life social environment and DNA methylation: dNA methylation mediating the long-term impact of social environments early in life","volume":"6","author":"Szyf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3032","article-title":"Genomic imprinting: the emergence of an epigenetic paradigm","volume":"12","author":"Ferguson-Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-062917-011816","article-title":"Dosage compensation of the X chromosome: a complex epigenetic assignment involving chromatin regulators and long noncoding RNAs","volume":"87","author":"Samata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02416-w","article-title":"The impact of DNA methylation as a factor of adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes (APBOs): a systematic review protocol","volume":"13","author":"Moagi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-8104-5_1","article-title":"Overview of histone modification","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results Probl Cell Differ."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-022-00932-w","article-title":"Integrated multi-omics reveal polycomb repressive complex 2 restricts human trophoblast induction","volume":"24","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0508-x","article-title":"H3k27 acetylation and gene expression analysis reveals differences in placental chromatin activity in fetal growth restriction","volume":"10","author":"Paauw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2521","article-title":"The H19 lincRNA is a developmental reservoir of miR-675 that suppresses growth and Igf1r","volume":"14","author":"Keniry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13836","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213836","article-title":"The role of cluster C19MC in preeclampsia development","volume":"23","author":"Jaszczuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2021.1963105","article-title":"Large-scale transcriptome-wide profiling of microRNAs in human placenta and maternal plasma at early to mid gestation","volume":"18","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10887","article-title":"Modular regulatory principles of large noncoding RNAs","volume":"482","author":"Guttman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.12106","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the Igf2\/H19 gene cluster","volume":"47","author":"Nordin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Prolif"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04363-6","article-title":"Transcription factor networks in trophoblast development","volume":"79","author":"Papuchova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-023-01483-z","article-title":"The role of DNA hydroxymethylation and TET enzymes in placental development and pregnancy outcome","volume":"15","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1086\/432815","article-title":"Differential X reactivation in human placental cells: implications for reversal of X inactivation","volume":"77","author":"Migeon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Human Genet"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2540","article-title":"Linking DNA methylation and histone modification: patterns and paradigms","volume":"10","author":"Cedar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00354-8","article-title":"The placental epigenome as a molecular link between prenatal exposures and fetal health outcomes through the DOHaD hypothesis","volume":"9","author":"Lapehn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.191","article-title":"Epigenetics: linking social and environmental exposures to preterm birth","volume":"79","author":"Burris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B147","first-page":"322","article-title":"Poverty, education, race, and pregnancy outcome","volume":"14","author":"Savitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001745","article-title":"Risk of adverse perinatal outcomes among African-born black women in California, 2011\u20132020","volume":"35","author":"McKenzie-Sampson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2019.12.003","article-title":"Racial disparities in pregnancy outcomes: genetics, epigenetics, and allostatic load","volume":"13","author":"Leimert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opinion Physiol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00642-z","article-title":"Pregnancy complications, substance abuse, and prenatal care predict birthweight in adolescent mothers","volume":"79","author":"Hacker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00345-9","article-title":"The changing climate and pregnancy health","volume":"9","author":"Ha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000073","article-title":"Impact of noise and air pollution on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"25","author":"Gehring","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.11.004","article-title":"Obesity and bariatric surgery drive epigenetic variation of spermatozoa in humans","volume":"23","author":"Donkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6592","article-title":"DNA methylation signatures link prenatal famine exposure to growth and metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Tobi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.07.298","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications appear in the human placenta following anxiety and depression during pregnancy","volume":"140","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03003-5","article-title":"Maternal prepregnancy BMI, offspring epigenome-wide DNA methylation, and childhood obesity: findings from the Boston birth cohort","volume":"21","author":"Si","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02701-w","article-title":"Prenatal social support in low-risk pregnancy shapes placental epigenome","volume":"21","author":"Tesfaye","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261974","DOI":"10.1101\/261974","article-title":"DNA methylation explains a subset of placental gene expression differences based on ancestry and altitude","author":"Gundling","year":"2018","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125972","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1125972","article-title":"Ancestry dependent balancing selection of placental dysferlin at high-altitude","volume":"11","author":"Gundling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20532","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.20532","article-title":"Differential methylation between ethnic sub-groups reflects the effect of genetic ancestry and environmental exposures","volume":"6","author":"Galanter","year":"2017","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007785","article-title":"Genetic variants influence on the placenta regulatory landscape","volume":"14","author":"Delahaye","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00873-x","article-title":"DNA Methylation loci in placenta associated with birthweight and expression of genes relevant for early development and adult diseases","volume":"12","author":"Tekola-Ayele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570028","article-title":"Placental epigenetics in children's environmental health","volume":"34","author":"Marsit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074691","article-title":"Patterning in placental 11-B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase methylation according to prenatal socioeconomic adversity","volume":"8","author":"Appleton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.15.28","article-title":"Placental epigenetic patterning of glucocorticoid response genes is associated with infant neurodevelopment","volume":"7","author":"Paquette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-022-00220-0","article-title":"The relationship between epigenetic age and the hallmarks of aging in human cells","volume":"2","author":"Kabacik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Aging"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2023.100557","article-title":"Greater stress and trauma mediate race-related differences in epigenetic age between black and white young adults in a community sample","volume":"26","author":"Holloway","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol Stress"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11125","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.206027","article-title":"Recalibrate concepts of epigenetic aging clocks in human health","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.11.010","article-title":"The genetic ancestry of African Americans, latinos, and European Americans across the United States","volume":"96","author":"Bryc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Human Genet"},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102049","article-title":"Placental epigenetic clocks: estimating gestational age using placental DNA methylation levels","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2008.11.009","article-title":"The two stage model of preeclampsia: variations on the theme","volume":"30","author":"Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0300-7","article-title":"High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence","volume":"25","author":"Topol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0379-x","article-title":"Clinical use of current polygenic risk scores may exacerbate health disparities","volume":"51","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11112-0","article-title":"Analysis of polygenic risk score usage and performance in diverse human populations","volume":"10","author":"Duncan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20117","article-title":"Prediction of pre-eclampsia: review of reviews","volume":"54","author":"Townsend","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2020.100100","article-title":"Early prediction of preeclampsia via machine learning","volume":"2","author":"Mari\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2104626","article-title":"The clinician and dataset shift in artificial intelligence","volume":"385","author":"Finlayson","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxz041","article-title":"From development to deployment: dataset shift, causality, and shift-stable models in health AI","volume":"21","author":"Subbaswamy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9736","article-title":"Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement","volume":"102","author":"Collins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Br Surg"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e537","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30218-1","article-title":"Reporting guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the CONSORT-AI extension","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e549","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(20)30219-3","article-title":"Guidelines for clinical trial protocols for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the SPIRIT-AI extension","volume":"2","author":"Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"B182","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health"},{"key":"B183","volume-title":"Good Machine Learning Practice for Medical Device Development: Guiding Principles","year":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Reproductive Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frph.2026.1783837\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T05:46:30Z","timestamp":1776231990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frph.2026.1783837\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":183,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frph.2026.1783837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frph.2026.1783837","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"article-number":"1783837"}}