{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T03:11:45Z","timestamp":1777864305574,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004776","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant number GA 67\/071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number GA 67\/071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004776","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nalbuphine compared to Pethidine for pain relief during oocyte retrieval.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a double-blinded, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200994), participants were randomized equally into two groups. The intervention group received 10\u2005mg intravenous Nalbuphine combined with 5\u2005mg of Midazolam, while the control group received 50\u2005mg intravenous Pethidine with 5\u2005mg of Midazolam. The primary outcome was pain score measured immediately postoperatively using a visual analogue scale. Secondary outcomes included pain score at 2 and 6\u2005h postoperatively, operator score for patient cooperation, vital signs, number of total oocytes and metaphase II (MII) oocytes retrieved, operative time, recovery time, side effects, and need for rescue analgesia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nalbuphine demonstrated non-inferiority to Pethidine for pain control at 0\u2005h postoperatively, with a mean difference of 0.52 (95% CI: \u22120.40 to 1.44). Similar findings were observed at 2\u2005h (mean difference \u22120.46; 95% CI: \u22121.30 to 0.38), while at 6\u2005h Nalbuphine showed significantly lower pain scores (mean difference \u22121.28; 95% CI: \u22122.15 to \u22120.41). No significant differences were observed between groups in operator score, recovery time, or rescue analgesia requirements. The number and quality of oocytes retrieved were not affected by the analgesic regimen. Side effects such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and tachycardia were compared and showed no significant differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nalbuphine demonstrated non-inferior analgesia to Pethidine for oocyte retrieval with a favorable safety profile. Its impact on long-term reproductive outcomes and clinical superiority warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.thaiclinicaltrials.org\/show\/TCTR20240406003<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier TCTR20240406003.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2026.1790062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T05:39:42Z","timestamp":1777527582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and safety of nalbuphine vs. pethidine in oocyte retrieval: a non-inferiority, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Pitchapa","family":"Em-eam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]},{"name":"King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marvin","family":"Thepsoparn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanakarn","family":"Suebthawinkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University","place":["Bangkok, Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.23736\/S0031-0808.22.04679-1","article-title":"Clinical aspects of oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer: tips and tricks for the novice and the expert","volume":"64","author":"Sallam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2023.0317","article-title":"Systemic barriers to fertility preservation for sexually and gender diverse populations","volume":"11","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0126","article-title":"Female couples undergoing IVF with partner eggs (co-IVF): pathways to parenthood","volume":"2","author":"Yeshua","year":"2015","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37519.x","article-title":"Transvesical and transvaginal approaches for the aspiration of follicles by use of ultrasound","volume":"442","author":"Wikland","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374271-1.00035-6","article-title":"Chapter 35 - infertility and in vitro fertilization","volume-title":"Principles of Gender-Specific Medicine","author":"Barbieri","year":"2010"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60786-9","article-title":"Pain aspects in oocyte aspiration for IVF","volume":"14","author":"Gejervall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03068-2","article-title":"Toxicities of opioid analgesics: respiratory depression, histamine release, hemodynamic changes, hypersensitivity, serotonin toxicity","volume":"95","author":"Baldo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1529-3.00007-5","article-title":"Chapter 7 - sedation and monitoring in endoscopy","volume-title":"Clinical Gastrointestinal Endoscopy","author":"Banks","year":"2012"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Mu Receptors. 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