{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T07:34:45Z","timestamp":1774596885587,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003193","name":"Ministerstvo \u0161kolstva, vedy, v\u00fdskumu a \u0161portu Slovenskej republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Reprod. Health"],"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to observe the vaginal microbiota composition in patients with cervical dysplasia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In this prospective study, 91 samples for vaginal microbial diversity examination were taken from the cervix and posterior vaginal fornix. Eighteen bacterial species, including\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n species, were identified by real-time PCR. Relative bacterial quantities (RQs) were calculated, and log2-transformed RQs were visualised with boxplots. The relationships between cytological abnormalities and bacterial species were calculated by nonparametric one-way ANOVA (Kruskal\u2013Wallis test). For determination of bacterial diversity, the Shannon index was used.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main finding<\/jats:title>\n \n We demonstrated an increase in the abundance of vaginal microbes dominated by\n L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n with increasing severity of cytologically and histologically confirmed cervical lesions, while HPV infection was present in 73.1% of community state type 3 samples. The presence of\n G. vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n U. parvum<\/jats:italic>\n in combination with\n L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n was statistically significant. Our study also revealed considerably higher bacterial diversity in the community state type IV category. An increasing trend of bacterial diversity with increasing cytological severity of cervical lesions was also observed, although the difference was nonsignificant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n This study suggests that\n L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n has adverse effects on the development of cervical dysplasia, while\n L. gasseri<\/jats:italic>\n and\n L. crispatus<\/jats:italic>\n may play protective roles. We also pointed out the association of\n L. iners<\/jats:italic>\n with anaerobic bacteria, and we suggest the potential role of bacterial diversity in cervical carcinogenesis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frph.2026.1797643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:37:23Z","timestamp":1774593443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lactobacillus iners and vaginal microbiota diversity as risk factors of uterine cervix dysplasia: a prospective study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Tomas","family":"Rokos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Comenius University in Bratislava (JFMCU) and University Hospital Martin (UHM)","place":["Martin, 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Slovakia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Grendar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Biomedical Center Martin (BIOMED), Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Comenius University in Bratislava (JFMCU)","place":["Martin, Slovakia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Kotulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Biomedical Center Martin (BIOMED), Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Comenius University in Bratislava (JFMCU)","place":["Martin, Slovakia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Hornakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genomics and Prenatal Diagnostics, Biomedical Center Martin (BIOMED), Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Comenius University in Bratislava 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