{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:48:01Z","timestamp":1788432481098,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sleep"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>A consolidated sleep-wake pattern is essential for maintaining healthy cognition in older individuals, but many suffer from sleep fragmentation that exacerbates age-related cognitive decline and worsens overall mental and physical health. Timed light exposure (light therapy) has been explored as a countermeasure, but mixed results have been obtained. To determine whether the timing of light exposure is important for sleep-wake consolidation, we analyzed the natural light diets of a cohort of community-dwelling older men.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The degree of sleep-wake fragmentation and light exposure patterns were obtained over a week using wrist actigraphy. Correlations between fragmentation, light patterns, and various physical and mental health measures were examined (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 877).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings revealed that higher sleep-wake fragmentation correlated with poorer physical and mental health and reduced cognition. Moreover, reduced daytime light exposure was associated with increased sleep-wake fragmentation. Interestingly, morning and evening light exposure (&amp;gt;1,000 lux) were not useful in distinguishing between low and high sleep-wake fragmentation scores, while increased afternoon light exposure showed much better discrimination. Specifically, optimal discrimination between low and high fragmentation occurred 6.7 h after habitual sleep offset. This suggests that afternoon light therapy might be more efficient in consolidating sleep and wake in older adults, particularly in those with low-amplitude circadian rhythms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study highlights the significance of properly-timed light exposure in promoting consolidated sleep and cognitive health among older individuals. Tailored light-based strategies may have the potential to enhance physical, mental, and cognitive well-being in the aging population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frsle.2023.1268379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T07:57:54Z","timestamp":1697702274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Timing of outdoor light exposure is associated with sleep-wake consolidation in community-dwelling older men"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Renske","family":"Lok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Ancoli-Israel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine E.","family":"Ensrud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Redline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie L.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie M.","family":"Zeitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/26.3.342","article-title":"The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms","volume":"26","author":"Ancoli-Israel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients","volume":"20","author":"Ancoli-Israel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2002.50060.x","article-title":"Effect of light treatment on sleep and circadian rhythms in demented nursing home patients","volume":"50","author":"Ancoli-Israel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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