{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:25:28Z","timestamp":1787030728804,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sleep"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a significant contributor to cardiometabolic diseases, yet its burden and metabolic consequences remain underexplored in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Additionally, little is known about how OSA risk relates to early metabolic and renal abnormalities in young adults. This study evaluated the association between OSA risk and a comprehensive profile of cardiometabolic and renal biomarkers in a large cohort of young Emirati adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional study included 5,242 participants from the UAE Healthy Future Study. OSA risk was assessed using the STOP-Bang questionnaire and classified as no-to-low (score 0\u20132) or intermediate-to-high (score \u22653). Biomarkers assessed included HbA1c, lipid profile, ApoA, ApoB, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum creatinine, and urine microalbumin. Group differences were examined using\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests and \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests. Multivariable linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical covariates were used to assess associations between OSA risk and biomarker levels. Sensitivity analyses were conducted excluding participants with diabetes or dyslipidaemia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age was 27.5 years, and 30% of participants were classified as intermediate-to-high OSA risk. The intermediate-to-high OSA risk group exhibited greater adiposity, higher blood pressure, and more adverse cardiometabolic profiles than the no-to-low risk group. After adjustment, intermediate-to-high OSA risk was associated with elevated HbA1c (\u03b2 = 0.18%, 95% CI: 0.14\u20130.23), higher total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, and ApoB, and lower HDL-C and ApoA (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Inflammatory and renal markers were similarly elevated, including CRP (\u03b2 = 0.14 mg\/dL, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.18), serum creatinine (\u03b2 = 0.11 mg\/dL, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.13), and urine microalbumin (\u03b2 = 3.61 mg\/dL, 95% CI: 1.64, 5.60). Sex-stratified analyses showed higher median blood pressure and creatinine in males, and higher HDL-C and CRP in females. Sensitivity analyses produced consistent results for most biomarkers, except for urine microalbumin, which became non-significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated OSA risk was consistently associated with adverse cardiometabolic and renal profiles in young adults. These findings suggest that STOP-Bang may serve as a useful screening tool for early risk detection, warranting validation in longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frsle.2026.1786010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:08Z","timestamp":1787027288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the cardiometabolic profile of Emirati adults at risk for obstructive sleep apnea: findings from the UAE healthy future study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Manal","family":"Taimah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Idaghdour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghib","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge","place":["Cambridge, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdishakur","family":"Abdulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Houqani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University","place":["Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-5012-2","article-title":"The UAE healthy future study: a pilot for a prospective cohort study of 20,000 United Arab Emirates nationals","volume":"18","author":"Abdulle","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2116","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea, a risk factor for cardiovascular and microvascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: findings from a population-based cohort study","volume":"43","author":"Adderley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-015-1150-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the Arabic version of STOP-Bang questionnaire as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"19","author":"Alhouqani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S002","article-title":"Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142022","volume":"45","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201502-0366OC","article-title":"Associations between obstructive sleep apnea, sleep duration, and abnormal fasting glucose. The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"192","author":"Bakker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030417","article-title":"Atherogenic index of plasma in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"10","author":"Bikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00003413","article-title":"Sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction","volume":"22","author":"Bonsignore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02016-1","article-title":"Independent association of severity of obstructive sleep apnea with lipid metabolism of atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and apoB\/apoAI ratio","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00619","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea dynamically increases nocturnal plasma free fatty acids, glucose, and cortisol during sleep","volume":"102","author":"Chopra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq821","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea: a stand-alone risk factor for chronic kidney disease","volume":"26","author":"Chou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dialysis Transplant."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31816d83e4","article-title":"STOP questionnaire: a tool to screen patients for obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"108","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2020.06.002","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Edwards","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Elmusharaf\n              K.\n            \n            \n              Chestnov\n              R.\n            \n            \n              Jung\n              J.\n            \n          \n          The Case for Investment in prevention and control of non-communicable diseases in the United Arab Emirates\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-020-02274-z","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review of empirical research","volume":"25","author":"Matos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-022-01723-w","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux capacity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and its relation with disease severity","volume":"21","author":"Fadaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12770","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12770","article-title":"Prevalence and association analysis of obstructive sleep apnea with gender and age differences \u2013 results of SHIP-Trend","volume":"28","author":"Fietze","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2015.1282","article-title":"Hypoxia: the force that drives chronic kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201802-121OC","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular risk factors: variation by age, sex, and race. the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Geovanini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.901801","article-title":"Prospective study of obstructive sleep apnea and incident coronary heart disease and heart failure","volume":"122","author":"Gottlieb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1082","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000698","article-title":"AHA\/ACC\/AACVPR\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/ADA\/AGS\/APhA\/ ASPC\/NLA\/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American college of cardiology\/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"139","author":"Grundy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8456","article-title":"Physical activity is associated with reduced prevalence of self-reported obstructive sleep apnea in a large, general population cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19425-7","volume-title":"Regression Modeling Strategies: With Applications to Linear Models, Logistic and Ordinal Regression, and Survival Analysis.","author":"Harrell","year":"2015"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202111-1260OC","article-title":"Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and risk of developing obstructive sleep apnea in men and women in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000848","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2020-000848","article-title":"Validation of the STOP-Bang questionnaire as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apnoea in patients with cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34956-5","article-title":"Association between smoking and obstructive sleep apnea based on the STOP-Bang index","volume":"13","author":"Jang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202207-612RL","article-title":"Disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea among middle-aged and older adults in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.2741\/e469","article-title":"Oxidative stress inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"4","author":"Lavie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci.-Elite"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.8.1075","article-title":"Differences in craniofacial structures and obesity in Caucasian and Chinese patients with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14092","article-title":"The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and haemoglobin A1c and the moderating role of glycaemic status in the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos (HCHS\/SOL)","author":"L\u00f3pez-Cepero","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1159\/000443527","article-title":"The impact of obstructive sleep apnea and tobacco smoking on endothelial function","volume":"91","author":"Lui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13838","article-title":"Global burden of sleep-disordered breathing and its implications","volume":"25","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2171-1","article-title":"The meaning of blood pressure","volume":"22","author":"Magder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71141-7","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular outcomes in men with obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea with or without treatment with continuous positive airway pressure: an observational study","volume":"365","author":"Marin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.792633","article-title":"Gender Differences in the Context of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Metabolic Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2024.101996","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and obesity: a review of epidemiology, pathophysiology and the effect of weight-loss treatments","volume":"78","author":"Messineo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.1.50","article-title":"Relation of sleep-disordered breathing to cardiovascular disease risk factors: the sleep heart health study","volume":"154","author":"Newman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw152","article-title":"Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cut-points-a joint consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society and European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine","volume":"37","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2009.01.002","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a perspective and future directions","volume":"51","author":"Pack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.86.s1.02","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea basics","volume":"86","author":"Rundo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0256","article-title":"Metabolic consequences of obstructive sleep apnea especially pertaining to diabetes mellitus and insulin sensitivity","volume":"43","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"B41","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 18","year":"2023"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1395886","article-title":"Association between obstructive sleep apnea risk and type 2 diabetes among Emirati adults: results from the UAE healthy future study","volume":"15","author":"Taimah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00204209","article-title":"14 nights of intermittent hypoxia elevate daytime blood pressure and sympathetic activity in healthy humans","volume":"37","author":"Tamisier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Prevention, Statistics and Research Center\n          United Arab Emirates\n          Obesity Study 2023: Statistics and Research Center Report\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B45","unstructured":"The UAE Healthy Future Study\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.4758","article-title":"Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society","volume":"11","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med."},{"key":"B47","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Waist circumference and waist?hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva","year":"2011"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":"United Arab Emirates - WHO Data\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265151","article-title":"Cardiovascular correlates of sleep apnea phenotypes: results from the hispanic community health study\/study of Latinos (HCHS\/SOL)","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5675","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85023-w","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with impaired renal function in patients with diabetic kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Zamarr\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898072","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.898072","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular risk: the role of dyslipidemia, inflammation, and obesity","volume":"13","author":"Zdravkovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13473","article-title":"Relationships between cardiometabolic disorders and obstructive sleep apnea: Implications for cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Sleep"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frsle.2026.1786010\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:11Z","timestamp":1787027291000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/frsle.2026.1786010\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/frsle.2026.1786010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frsle.2026.1786010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2813-2890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2813-2890","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"article-number":"1786010"}}