{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:24:45Z","timestamp":1787117085936,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sleep"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is typically evaluated with single-night sleep studies. In adults, night-to-night variability (NtNV) is well documented, but less so in children. The current study evaluated NtNV in apnea events for misclassification in disease severity in young children to investigate if multi-night sleep-recordings may be clinically relevant to improve diagnostic accuracy and affect treatment decisions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Parents\/guardians of healthy 4\u20139-year-old children participating in a study to evaluate prevalence of OSA were asked to record the child's sleep for up to 5-nights. This analysis is from children who completed three consecutive night sleep recordings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Average age of participants was 6.1 years (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 200, 58.0%-girls\/42.0%-boys), prevalence of overweight\/obesity was 25% and moderate-severe-OSA (AHI\n 3%<\/jats:sub>\n \u2265 5) based on single-night testing protocol was 29.0%. Using the highest AHI\n 3%<\/jats:sub>\n value from the three recordings, the first-night correctly identified 57.0% of participants and adding a second night identified 86.0% of participants, with 14% of participants not identified until the third night of sleep testing.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Bland-Altman plots (BA\n plots<\/jats:sub>\n ) demonstrated non-statistically significant mean-differences and 95% upper and lower-limits (LOA\n 95%<\/jats:sub>\n ) close in absolute terms night-one\/night-two; \u22120.024 events\/hour-of-sleep LOA\n 95%<\/jats:sub>\n [\u22125.062, 5.013], 8.0% of observations outside the LOA\n 95%<\/jats:sub>\n (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.894) and night-two\/night-three; \u22120.009 events\/hour of sleep, LOA\n 95%<\/jats:sub>\n [\u22125.227, 5.209] and 6.0% of observations outside LOA\n 95%<\/jats:sub>\n , (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.9620).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for AHI\n 3%<\/jats:sub>\n for all 3 nights was 0.45 [0.37, 0.54],\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001, for night-one\/night-two (0.44;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001), and night-two\/night-three (0.44;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001). Cohens Kappa (0.304\u20130.462) and Brennan-Prediger Kappa (0.403\u20130.490), respectively indicated low-to-moderate interrater agreement, with quadratic-weighted Cohen's Kappa for the four ordinal severity categories of 0.37 and 0.48 for the two night-pairs, demonstrating NtNV, which is consistent with the variability demonstrated by the BA\n plots<\/jats:sub>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Observed NtNV in apnea events affected severity categorization, suggesting that multi-night sleep testing may have clinical value and improve accuracy of sleep apnea evaluation in young children.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n \n URL:\n clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05479201<\/jats:ext-link>\n , identifier NCT0547920 .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frsle.2026.1903809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:35:39Z","timestamp":1787114139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring nightly variability in sleep apnea and changes in severity classification with multi night sleep testing in a population based cohort of young children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Solveig","family":"Magnusdottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MyCardio LLC","place":["Denver, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingibjorg","family":"Ingolfsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akureyri Hospital","place":["Pediatrics, Akureyri, Iceland"]},{"name":"University of Iceland","place":["Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugi","family":"Hilmisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MyCardio LLC","place":["Denver, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laufey","family":"Hrolfsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institution of Health Science Research, University of Akureyri and Akureyri Hospital","place":["Akureyri, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Birkisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akureyri Hospital, Ear Nose Throat","place":["Akureyri, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erla","family":"Hallgrimsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University","place":["Aarhus, Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Groa","family":"Johannesdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Akureyri Hospital","place":["Pediatrics, Akureyri, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Iceland","place":["Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland"]},{"name":"Akureyri Hospital, Ear Nose Throat","place":["Akureyri, Iceland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1966.tb02650.x","article-title":"The first night effect: an EEG study of sleep","volume":"2","author":"Agnew","year":"1966","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202005-510OC","article-title":"Automated apnea-hypopnea index from oximetry and spectral analysis of cardiopulmonary coupling","volume":"18","author":"Al Ashry","year":"","journal-title":"Ann. 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