{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T06:57:44Z","timestamp":1774594664627,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Transplant."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>LCP-Tacro [LCPT], a novel once-daily, extended-release formulation of tacrolimus, has a reduced C<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub> with comparable AUC exposure, requiring a \u223c30% dose reduction in contrast to immediate-release tacrolimus (IR-Tac). Once-daily LCPT in <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic> kidney transplantation has a comparable efficacy and safety profile to that of IR-Tac with advantages in bioavailability and absorption. The present investigation intends to analyze the effects of conversion from IR-Tac to LCPT on phenotype and function of T-cells and B-cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>16 kidney transplant patients treated by triple standard immunosuppression with a stable graft function undergoing a switch from IR-Tac to LCPT were included in this observational prospective study. We measured the main immune cell types and performed an in-depth characterization of B cell, dendritic cells and T cells including regulatory T cells of the patients before, 4 and 8 weeks after IR-Tac to LCPT conversion using multi-parameter fl ow cytometry. Additionally, we analyzed T cells by assessing third-party antigens (Tetanus Diphtheria, TD)-reactive T cells, which could be analyzed by restimulation with tetanus vaccine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, we found no significant alterations following LCPT conversion for the most immune cell populations with a few cell populations showing transient quantitative increase. Thus, 4 weeks after conversion, more regulatory T cells could be measured in the patients with a significant shift from memory to na\u00efve Tregs. Furthermore, we found a transient B cell expansion 4 weeks after conversion from IR-Tac to LCPT. There were no changes in the percentage of other basic immune cell types and the antigen-reactive T cells were also not altered after changing the medication to LCP-tacrolimus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we demonstrate first insights into the immune system changes occurred under IR-Tac to LCPT conversion therapy in kidney transplant patients. While phenotypic and functional characteristics of the most immune cell populations did not change, we could observe an a transient expansion of regulatory T cells in peripheral blood following IR-Tac to LCTP conversion, which might additionally contribute to the overall immunosuppressive effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/frtra.2024.1405070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]],"date-time":"2024-09-25T12:53:33Z","timestamp":1727268813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of switching from twice-daily tacrolimus to once-daily extended-release meltdose tacrolimus on cellular immune response"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"Anft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Zgoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Skrzypczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"D\u00fcrr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Viebahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timm H.","family":"Westhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrik","family":"Stervbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Babel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199346040-00009","article-title":"A review of its pharmacology, and therapeutic potential in hepatic and renal transplantation","volume":"46","author":"Peters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.40.1256","article-title":"FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a streptomyces. 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