{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:33:10Z","timestamp":1753893190056,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Urol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urethra is a very uncommon malignant tumor, and no reports have been made about large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) in the past.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case description<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 43-year-old non-smoking female patient presented with symptoms of dysuria and urination-related pain at TangDu Hospital in April 2022.\u00a0A biopsy subsequently confirmed the diagnosis of primary urethral LCNEC. Following radical resection, the patient exhibited abnormal lymph node enlargement in the first month and pelvic metastases in the fourth month. Ultimately, the patient succumbed to the disease 486 days after the radical resection, attributed to widespread tumor metastases and concurrent multi-organ failure. The final pathological examination confirmed the presence of a high-grade LCNEC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The occurrence of primary LCNEC in the urethra is exceptionally uncommon. This particular instance was notable for its aggressive progression and unfavorable prognosis. Historically, there have been no prior documented instances of primary pure LCNEC in the urethra. It is imperative to emphasize that early identification and intervention for LCNEC could potentially offer patients a more favorable survival outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fruro.2025.1440538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T07:13:04Z","timestamp":1738825984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Primary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urethra: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jianbai","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Mou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.08.007","article-title":"Role of voided urine cytology in diagnosing primary urethral carcinoma","volume":"63","author":"Touijer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2017.08.006","article-title":"Carcinoma of the urethra","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-015-1583-7","article-title":"Prognostic factors and outcomes in primary urethral cancer: results from the international collaboration on primary urethral carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Gakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-021-01416-2","article-title":"Incidence rates and contemporary trends in primary urethral cancer","volume":"32","author":"Wenzel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer causes control: CCC"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-227447","article-title":"Squamous cell carcinoma of male urethra presenting as urethrocutaneous fistula","volume":"2018","author":"Garg","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5980\/jpnjurol.103.675","article-title":"Primary carcinoma of the female urethra: report of 4 cases","author":"Yamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Japanese J Urol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/43400531","article-title":"Accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the detection of bladder cancer","volume":"84","author":"Nicolau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14213","article-title":"Urinary tract large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic issues","volume":"40","author":"Sanguedolce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2014.5043","article-title":"Risk factors, therapy and survival outcomes of small cell and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of urinary bladder","volume":"6","author":"Bhatt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rare Tumors"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary bladder. 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