{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:05:06Z","timestamp":1789621506188,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Urol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the ablation performance and short-term safety of compound steep-pulse irreversible electroporation (CSP-IRE) and to refine treatment parameters for prostate ablation in a canine model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty healthy male Beagles were included in a sequential, stepwise parameter-optimization experiment. Single-pulse and compound-pulse protocols were compared, followed by evaluation of electric-field parameters, interelectrode spacing, and electrode insertion depth. Ablation area was assessed histopathologically, while procedure-related muscle contraction and perioperative clinical and laboratory findings were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The compound-pulse protocol produced a larger ablation area than the 5-\u03bcs and 50-\u03bcs single-pulse protocols (307.27 vs 39.30 and 64.44 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively). Mean ablation areas in the low-, medium-, and high-parameter groups were 39.74 \u00b1 43.45, 175.46 \u00b1 94.08, and 228.49 \u00b1 41.26 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively. The medium- and high-parameter groups produced significantly larger ablation areas than the low-parameter group (P &amp;lt; 0.05), with no significant difference between the medium- and high-parameter groups. However, the high-parameter group induced greater muscle contraction than the medium-parameter group (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Mean ablation areas at interelectrode spacings of 10, 14, and 18\u00a0mm were 83.93 \u00b1 25.31, 226.25 \u00b1 108.25, and 216.20 \u00b1 64.17 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      , respectively. Increasing the insertion depth from 10 to 20\u00a0mm resulted in only a modest increase in ablation area (83.93 \u00b1 25.31 vs 90.10 \u00b1 32.92 mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). No serious adverse events were observed during the 7-day follow-up, and no clinically relevant changes were detected in erythrocyte, hemoglobin, or platelet measures, although transient leukocytosis occurred.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The compound-pulse protocol demonstrated greater ablation efficacy than the single-pulse protocols. The medium-parameter protocol provided a favorable balance between ablation area and procedure-related muscle contraction. These findings support the short-term feasibility of CSP-IRE and provide a basis for further parameter refinement and validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fruro.2026.1721078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:49:25Z","timestamp":1789620565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Compound steep-pulse irreversible electroporation for prostate ablation in Beagle dogs: parameter evaluation and short-term safety"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Zhijin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Nortion Medical Technology Co. 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