{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:58:30Z","timestamp":1793235510161,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007864","name":"Brandeis University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Misoprostol entered the global market under the name Cytotec in the mid-1980s for the treatment of gastric ulcers. Decades of research have since demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of off-label use of misoprostol as a uterotonic in pregnant women to prevent and treat post-partum hemorrhage, treat incomplete abortion, or terminate first-trimester pregnancy. Global health experts emphasize misoprostol\u2019s potential to revolutionize access to reproductive health care in developing countries. Misoprostol does not require refrigeration, can be self-administered or with the aid of a non-physician, and is relatively inexpensive. It holds particular promise for improving reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa, where most global maternal mortality related to post-partum hemorrhage and unsafe abortion occurs. Although misoprostol has been widely recognized as an essential obstetric medication, its application remains highly contested precisely because it disrupts medical and legal authority over pregnancy, delivery, and abortion. I draw on fieldwork in Francophone Africa to explore how global health organizations have negotiated misoprostol\u2019s abortifacient qualities in their reproductive health work. I focus on this region not only because it has some of the world\u2019s highest rates of maternal mortality, but also fertility, thereby situating misoprostol in a longer history of family planning programs in a region designated as a zone of overpopulation since the 1980s. Findings suggest that stakeholders adopt strategies that directly address safe abortion on the one hand, and integrate misoprostol into existing clinical protocols and pharmaceutical supply systems for legal obstetric indications on the other. Although misoprostol has generated important partnerships among regional stakeholders invested in reducing fertility and maternal mortality, the stigma of abortion stalls its integration into routine obstetric care and availability to the public. I demonstrate the promises and pitfalls of pharmaceuticalizing reproductive health: despite the availability of misoprostol in some health facilities and pharmacies, low-income and rural women continue to lack access not only to the drug, but to quality reproductive health care more generally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2021.590556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T05:37:25Z","timestamp":1618205845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Stalled Revolution? Misoprostol and the Pharmaceuticalization of Reproductive Health in Francophone Africa"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Siri","family":"Suh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/0038038510369368","article-title":"Pharmaceuticalization of society in context: theoretical, empirical and health dimensions.","volume":"44","author":"Abraham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sociology"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"How Bangladesh made abortion safer","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Risks of home birth loom for women in rural Africa amid lockdowns","author":"Adams","year":"2020"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.23943\/princeton\/9780691157382.003.0004","article-title":"Evidence-based global public health: subjects, profits, erasures","volume-title":"When people come first: critical studies in global health","author":"Adams","year":"2013"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822374480","volume-title":"Metrics: what counts in global health","author":"Adams","year":"2016"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Protocol to the African charter on human and peoples\u2019 rights on the rights of women in Africa","year":"2003"},{"key":"B10","article-title":"Senegal: the law, trials and imprisonment for abortion: international campaign for women\u2019s right to safe abortion","author":"Archer","year":"2018"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.04.002","article-title":"Medicalization and pharmaceuticalization at the intersections: looking backward, sideways and forward","volume":"75","author":"Bell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"9","article-title":"Abortion restrictions in US foreign aid: the history and harms of the Helms amendment","volume":"16","author":"Barot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Guttmacher Pol. Rev."},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"Implementing postabortion care programs in the developing world: ongoing challenges","author":"Barot","year":"2014"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"74","article-title":"Health for all? Competing theories and geopolitics","volume-title":"Reimagining global health: an introduction","author":"Basilico","year":"2013"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"118","article-title":"Training traditional birth attendants on the use of misoprostol and a blood measurement tool to prevent postpartum haemorrhage: lessons learnt from Bangladesh","volume":"32","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2018.1555145","article-title":"Targets and technologies: sayana Press and Jadelle in contemporary population policies","volume":"27","author":"Bendix","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gend. Place Cult."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2018.1553859","article-title":"A feminist exploration of \u2018populationism\u2019: engaging contemporary forms of population control","volume":"27","author":"Bhatia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gend. Place Cult."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822387916-008","article-title":"Pharmaceutical governance","volume-title":"Global pharmaceuticals: ethics, markets, practices.","author":"Biehl","year":"2006"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1353\/anq.2007.0056","article-title":"Pharmaceuticalization: AIDS treatment and global health politics","volume":"80","author":"Biehl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anthropological Q."},{"key":"B20","article-title":"Family planning strategy overview","year":"2012"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.5779\/hypothesis.v12i1.229","article-title":"Philanthrocapitalism, past and present: the rockefeller foundation, the gates foundation, and the setting(s) of the international\/global health agenda","volume":"12","author":"Birn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypothesis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-019-1024-0","article-title":"The access paradox: abortion law, policy and practice in Ethiopia, Tanzania and Zambia","volume":"18","author":"Blystad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Equity. Health"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Medical Abortion in India: A model for the rest of the world [Report]?","author":"Boler","year":"2009"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1080\/03057078708708144","article-title":"Facing the \u2018Black Peril\u2019: the politics of population control in South Africa","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. South. Afr. Stud."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.05.003","article-title":"Tool of economic development, metric of global health: promoting planned families and economized life in Nepal","volume":"254","author":"Brunson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S120","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383493","article-title":"Medical sociology and technology: critical engagements","volume":"51","author":"Casper","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/09692290.2012.690774","article-title":"Restructuring neoliberalism at the world health organization","volume":"20","author":"Chorev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Int. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h4255","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4255","article-title":"Ending preventable maternal and newborn mortality and stillbirths","volume":"351","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400863136","volume-title":"The right tools for the job: at work in twentieth-century life sciences","author":"Clarke","year":"1992"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2307\/1519765","article-title":"Biomedicalization: technoscientific transformations of health, illness, and US biomedicine","author":"Clarke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Sociological Rev."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(94)90084-1","article-title":"Misoprostol: the experience of women in Fortaleza, Brazil","volume":"49","author":"Co\u00ealho","year":"1994","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7227.79","article-title":"Survey of unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards in European countries. European Network for Drug Investigation in Children","volume":"320","author":"Conroy","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2307\/2807949","article-title":"The transnational politics of abortion","volume":"20","author":"Crane","year":"1994","journal-title":"Popul. Development Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1057\/biosoc.2010.37","article-title":"Viral cartographies: mapping the molecular politics of global HIV","volume":"6","author":"Crane","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioSocieties"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S222","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-18-00334","article-title":"Postabortion family planning progress: the role of donors and health professional associations","volume":"7","author":"Curtis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Health Sci. Pract."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2007.03.005","article-title":"Meeting health care needs of women experiencing complications of miscarriage and unsafe abortion: USAID's postabortion care program","volume":"52","author":"Curtis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2007.01468.x","article-title":"Is misoprostol a safe, effective and acceptable alternative to manual vacuum aspiration for postabortion care? Results from a randomised trial in Burkina Faso, West Africa","volume":"114","author":"Dao","year":"2007","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.08.002","article-title":"Introduction of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at the community level in Senegal","volume":"115","author":"Diadhiou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00219-3","article-title":"Oxytocin via Uniject (a prefilled single-use injection) versus oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage at the community level: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Diop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B42","article-title":"DKT International, Inc. monthly sales report 2018 [Report]","year":"2018"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4425","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224425","article-title":"A pill in the lifeworld of women in Burkina Faso: can misoprostol reframe the meaning of abortion","volume":"16","author":"Drabo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/26410397.2019.1581533","article-title":"Critical insights on the demographic concept of \u201cbirth spacing\u201d: locating Nef in family well-being, bodies, and relationships in Senegal","volume":"27","author":"Duclos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3167\/aia.2019.260103","article-title":"Envisioning, evaluating and co- enacting performance in global health interventions: ethnographic insights from Senegal","volume":"26","author":"Duclos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anthropol. Action"},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Tennessee woman tried coat-hanger abortion, police say","author":"Eckholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"The message of health in Senegal EnnulatC. 2016"},{"key":"B47","first-page":"413","article-title":"Access to information on safe abortion: a harm reduction and human rights approach","volume":"34","author":"Erdman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harv. JL Gend."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2011.621908","article-title":"Global health business: the production and performativity of statistics in Sierra Leone and Germany","volume":"31","author":"Erikson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520954632","volume-title":"Reimagining global health: an introduction","author":"Farmer","year":"2013"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.12.016","article-title":"Assessing the global availability of misoprostol","volume":"105","author":"Fernandez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/sifp.12049","article-title":"Medical abortion provision by pharmacies and drug sellers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"49","author":"Footman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stud. Fam. Plann."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31794-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010-14: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model","volume":"390","author":"Ganatra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12717","article-title":"Availability and prescription of misoprostol for medical abortion in community pharmacies and associated factors in Accra, Ghana","volume":"144","author":"Ganle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.03.028","article-title":"Decentralizing postabortion care in Senegal with misoprostol for incomplete abortion","volume":"126","author":"Gaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.25.1.153","article-title":"The anthropology of pharmaceuticals: a biographical approach","volume":"25","author":"Geest","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anthropol."},{"key":"B57","article-title":"Advance distribution of misoprostol for self-administration: expanding coverage for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage. Program implementation guide","author":"Grenier","year":"2013"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czy006","article-title":"Donor funding for family planning: levels and trends between 2003 and 2013","volume":"33","author":"Grollman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2011.552458","article-title":"Global AIDS medicines in East African health institutions","volume":"30","author":"Hardon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102116-041539","article-title":"Fluid drugs: Revisiting the anthropology of pharmaceuticals","volume":"46","author":"Hardon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anthropol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/14650045.2013.847433","article-title":"Converging on disaster: climate security and the Malthusian anticipatory regime for Africa","volume":"19","author":"Hartmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geopolitics"},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Reproductive rights and wrongs: the global politics of population control","author":"Hartmann","year":"1995"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/jfprhc-2014-100990","article-title":"Medical abortion: the hidden revolution","volume":"41","author":"Harvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"284","article-title":"Misoprostol in practice","author":"Henderson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postpartum Hemorrhage"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czy019","article-title":"Medical society engagement in contentious policy reform: the Ethiopian Society for Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ESOG) and Ethiopia's 2005 reform of its Penal Code on abortion","volume":"33","author":"Holcombe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822381365","volume-title":"A colonial lexicon: of birth ritual, medicalization, and mobility in the Congo","author":"Hunt","year":"1999"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.10.020","article-title":"Misoprostol in women's hands: a harm reduction strategy for unsafe abortion","volume":"87","author":"Hyman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2019.19.01.008","article-title":"Randomised trial of oral misoprostol versus manual vacuum aspiration for the treatment of incomplete abortion at a Nigerian tertiary hospital","volume":"19","author":"Ibiyemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"B68","article-title":"Medical abortion commodities database","year":"2020"},{"key":"B69","unstructured":"Abortion pills in first 12 weeks since last period: misoprostol under the tongue2020"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.07.019","article-title":"'High profile health facilities can add to your trouble': women, stigma and un\/safe abortion in Kenya","volume":"141","author":"Izugbara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1548-1387.2010.01109.x","article-title":"\u201cAll I eat is ARVs\u201d: the paradox of AIDS treatment interventions in central Mozambique","volume":"24","author":"Kalofonos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol. Q."},{"key":"B71","article-title":"Abortion under apartheid: Nationalism, sexuality and women's reproductive rights in South Africa","author":"Klausen","year":"2016"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2307\/840616","article-title":"Abortion law in francophone countries","volume":"38","author":"Knoppers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Comp. Law"},{"key":"B75","article-title":"Opinion: another pill that could cause a revolution","author":"Kristof","year":"2010","journal-title":"The New York Times"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.29063\/ajrh2016\/v20i3.3","article-title":"The imperative to expand provision, access and use of misoprostol for post-abortion care in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"20","author":"Kulczycki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Reprod. Health"},{"key":"B77","article-title":"Opinion: during COVID-19 crisis, lift barriers to reproductive health care \u2014 including abortion","author":"Kumar","year":"2020"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021499619542","article-title":"A cross-cultural race\/class\/gender critique of contemporary population policy: the impact of globalization","volume":"14","author":"Kuumba","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sociological Forum"},{"key":"B96","article-title":"Feminist technology","author":"Layne","year":"2010"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305562","article-title":"The \u201cabortion pill\u201d misoprostol in Brazil: women\u2019s empowerment in a conservative and repressive political environment","volume":"110","author":"L\u00f6wy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B80","article-title":"The women looking outside the law for abortions","author":"Lussenhop","year":"2018","journal-title":"BBC News"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"016224392091678","DOI":"10.1177\/0162243920916781","article-title":"Misoprostol: the social life of a life-saving drug in global maternal health","volume":"46","author":"MacDonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Tech. Human values"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1353\/hum.2019.0013","article-title":"The image world of maternal mortality: visual economies of hope and aspiration in the global campaigns to reduce maternal mortality","volume":"10","author":"MacDonald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Humanity: An Int. J. Hum. Rights, Humanitarianism, Development"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.11.028","article-title":"The pharmaceuticalization of sexual risk: vaccine development and the new politics of cancer prevention","volume":"101","author":"Mamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B84","article-title":"Landscape assessment: leveraging the role of national distributors to increase access to MA combi-packs in Africa [Report]","year":"2019"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-019-0396-4","article-title":"When the law makes doors slightly open: ethical dilemmas among abortion service providers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"20","author":"McLean","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med. Ethics"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/13648470.2012.675046","article-title":"Reproductive governance in Latin America","volume":"19","author":"Morgan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anthropol. Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2018.1555829","article-title":"Reproductive governance, redux","volume":"38","author":"Morgan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol."},{"key":"B88","volume-title":"Evaluation rapide de la disponibilit\u00e9, de l\u2019utilisation, et de la qualit\u00e9 des soins obst\u00e9tricaux et n\u00e9onataux d\u2019urgence au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, 2015 \u00e2 2016 [Report]","year":"2017"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822395805","volume-title":"Seizing the means of reproduction: entanglements of feminism, health, and technoscience","author":"Murphy","year":"2012"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1215\/9780822373216","volume-title":"The economization of life","author":"Murphy","year":"2017"},{"key":"B91","article-title":"Population dynamics, climate change and sustainable development in Africa [Report]","author":"Mutunga","year":"2012"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/0169796X1002600304","article-title":"Saving depraved Africans in a neoliberal age: critically examining mainstream approaches to HIV\/AIDS","volume":"26","author":"Nauta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Developing Societies"},{"key":"B93","article-title":"Knowledge and provision practices of misoprostol among pharmacies in Senegal [Report]","author":"Ndao","year":"2014"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/13552074.2018.1523284","article-title":"Repoliticising women\u2019s rights in development: young African feminisms at the cutting edge","volume":"26","author":"Nyambura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gend. Development"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1177\/1073110518804221","article-title":"Motherhood, abortion, and the medicalization of poverty","volume":"46","author":"Oberman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Law Med. Ethics"},{"key":"B97","article-title":"Preventing postpartum hemorrhage at the community level in Senegal with misoprostol","author":"Ortiz","year":"2010"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113154","article-title":"From the shadows to light: perceptions of women and healthcare providers of post-abortion care in Burkina Faso","volume":"260","author":"Ouedraogo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30404-2","article-title":"Health systems' capacity to provide post-abortion care: a multicountry analysis using signal functions","volume":"7","author":"Owolabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.56021\/9781421420325","volume-title":"A history of global health: interventions into the lives of other peoples","author":"Packard","year":"2016"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3167\/fcl.2019.830105","article-title":"Austerity in Africa: audit cultures and the weakening of public sector health systems","volume":"2019","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Focaal"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.012809.105101","article-title":"Anthropological perspectives on structural adjustment and public health","volume":"39","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anthropol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383498","article-title":"Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications","volume":"51","author":"Phelan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"B101","volume-title":"Mapping population and climate change hotspots","year":"2011"},{"key":"B105","article-title":"Fact sheet: expanding access to safe abortion in the DRC: clarifications to the law","year":"2018"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.333.7570.701","article-title":"Parachute approach to evidence-based medicine","volume":"333","author":"Potts","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(06)60003-9","article-title":"The worldwide burden of postpartum haemorrhage: policy development where inaction is lethal","volume":"94","author":"Potts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61446-8","article-title":"Misoprostol use in the community to reduce maternal death \u2013 authors\u2019 reply","volume":"376","author":"Potts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2012.06.028","article-title":"Training traditional birth attendants to use misoprostol and an absorbent delivery mat in home births","volume":"75","author":"Prata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2008.05.007","article-title":"Saving maternal lives in resource-poor settings: facing reality","volume":"89","author":"Prata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.03.013","article-title":"Misoprostol for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: What do we know? What is next?","volume":"119","author":"Raghavan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316117033","volume-title":"Intimate interventions in global health: family planning and HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa","author":"Robinson","year":"2017"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s11113-014-9338-5","article-title":"Population policy in sub-Saharan Africa: a case of both normative and coercive ties to the world polity","volume":"34","author":"Robinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul. Res. Pol. Rev."},{"key":"B114","article-title":"The gender gap in agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa: causes, costs and solutions [Report]","author":"Rodgers","year":"2019"},{"key":"B115","volume-title":"A","year":""},{"key":"B116","volume-title":"Opportunities for expanding access to safe abortion in Francophone West African and the democratic republic of the Congo (DRC): a landscape assessment","year":""},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-017-0383-5","article-title":"Barriers or gaps in implementation of misoprostol use for post-abortion care and post-partum hemorrhage prevention in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Samnani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"B118","article-title":"The drug swallowers: scientific sovereignty and pharmaceuticalization in two international drug donation programs","volume-title":"Reimagining (Bio)Medicalization, pharmaceuticals and genetics: old critiques and new engagements","author":"Samsky","year":"2015"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479873432.001.0001","volume-title":"On infertile ground: population control and women\u2019s rights in the era of climate change","author":"Sasser","year":"2018"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70227-X","article-title":"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis","volume":"2","author":"Say","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.2012.647405","article-title":"Misoprostol for the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"Sheldon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-12-127","article-title":"Sublingual misoprostol versus standard surgical care for treatment of incomplete abortion in five sub-Saharan African countries","volume":"12","author":"Shochet","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e387","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30084-0","article-title":"Trump's \"global gag rule\": implications for human rights and global health","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-44","article-title":"Misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage prevention at home birth: an integrative review of global implementation experience to date","volume":"13","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.08.013","article-title":"Setting the global health agenda: the influence of advocates and ideas on political priority for maternal and newborn survival","volume":"166","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112676","article-title":"Beyond the law: misoprostol and medical abortion in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"245","author":"Solheim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1525\/sod.2019.5.1.31","article-title":"The African Development Bank, organized hypocrisy, and maternal mortality: a cross-national analysis of sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"5","author":"Sommer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sociol. Development"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.052928","article-title":"Steps towards achieving skilled attendance at birth","volume":"86","author":"Stanton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.10.005","article-title":"Misoprostol for postpartum hemorrhage: moving from evidence to practice","volume":"116","author":"Starrs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/maq.12072","article-title":"\"Playing the numbers game\": evidence-based advocacy and the technocratic narrowing of the Safe Motherhood Initiative","volume":"28","author":"Storeng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Anthropol. Q."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2016.1259459","article-title":"\u201cGuilty until proven innocent\u201d: the contested use of maternal mortality indicators in global health","volume":"27","author":"Storeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Public Health"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"55","article-title":"\u201cRight tool,\u201d wrong \u201cjob\u201d: manual vacuum aspiration, post-abortion care and transnational population politics in Senegal.","volume-title":"Soc. Sci. Med","author":"Suh","year":"2015"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"662","article-title":"Accounting for abortion: accomplishing transnational reproductive governance through post-abortion care in Senegal","volume-title":"Glob. Public Health","author":"Suh","year":"2018"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Dying to count: Post-abortion care and global reproductive health politics in Senegal","author":"Suh","year":"2021"},{"key":"B132","volume-title":"Africa: financing adaptation and mitigation in the world\u2019s most vulnerable region","author":"Sy","year":"2016"},{"key":"B133","volume-title":"The global biopolitics of the IUD: how science constructs contraceptive users and women\u2019s bodies","author":"Takeshita","year":"2012"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-017-0059-2","article-title":"Structural adjustment programmes adversely affect vulnerable populations: a systematic-narrative review of their effect on child and maternal health","volume":"38","author":"Thomson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Rev."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.00342","article-title":"The practice of medical technology","volume":"25","author":"Timmermans","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn"},{"key":"B153","volume-title":"Acting Administrator John Barsa letter to UN Secretary General Guterres [Press release]","year":"2020"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60914-3","article-title":"Efficacy of two intervals and two routes of administration of misoprostol for termination of early pregnancy: a randomised controlled equivalence trial","volume":"369","author":"von Hertzen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00490.x","article-title":"Misoprostol and the debate over off-label drug use","volume":"112","author":"Weeks","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/7.3.447","article-title":"Nationalism, race, and gender: the politics of family planning in Zimbabwe, 1957-1990","volume":"7","author":"West","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soc. Hist. Med."},{"key":"B141","unstructured":"Inclusion of misoprostol as an essential medication. [Correspondence] WHO"},{"key":"B139","article-title":"Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2008","author":"WHO","year":""},{"key":"B140","volume-title":"Health workforce requirements for universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"B145","unstructured":"Essential medicines list application mifepristone-misoprostol for medical abortion WHO"},{"key":"B143","unstructured":"Proposal for the deletion of misoprostol for the prevention of post-partum haemorrhage in the WHO model list of essential medicines. 2019 WHO expert committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. [Correspondence] WHO"},{"key":"B142","unstructured":"MSF comment on misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. [Correspondence] WHO"},{"key":"B144","unstructured":"Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2017: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank group, and the United Nations Population Division. [Report] WHO"},{"key":"B146","volume-title":"Social lives of medicines","author":"Whyte","year":"2002"},{"key":"B147","article-title":"Emmanuel Macron: more choice would mean fewer children in Africa. The Guardian","author":"Wintour","year":"2018"},{"key":"B148","unstructured":"Misoprostol: a catalyst for revolution?2010"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001491","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001491","article-title":"Unsafe abortion and abortion-related death among 1.8 million women in India","volume":"4","author":"Yokoe","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-59702016000100003","article-title":"The biomedicalisation of illegal abortion: the double life of misoprostol in Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Zordo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hist\u00f3ria, Ci\u00eancias, Sa\u00fade-Manguinhos"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Sociology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2021.590556\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,24]],"date-time":"2022-12-24T01:39:17Z","timestamp":1671845957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2021.590556\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"references-count":149,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsoc.2021.590556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2021.590556","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-7775"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-7775","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"article-number":"590556"}}