{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:33:19Z","timestamp":1792038799621,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012639","name":"Prince Sultan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012639","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article focuses on Khaled Hosseini's use of the analogy of women as obedient, resistant, and empowered as modern archetypes who learn of the gendered oppression that works through their bodies. Khaled Hosseini, through his writings, lends voice and offers moral encouragement to women by crafting resistant, rebellious, empowered, and strong female characters. With theoretical support from Johnson's<jats:italic>Patriarchal Terrorism<\/jats:italic>and Spivak's<jats:italic>Can the subaltern speak<\/jats:italic>, this article traces how Hosseini interrogates the patriarchal hierarchies that encompass women's identity in Afghanistan. Women's sufferings correlate with the country's overall circumstances, particularly during and after the war, on the terror regime. Therefore, women's endurance and Afghanistan's endurance amid hostile and oppressive circumstances become equally imperative for Hosseini's works. This article finds that Hosseini correlates Afghan women's issues like tradition and modernity, women and Islam, mother and daughter relationship, resistance and rebellion, and their quest for change and empowerment with the war on terror, foreign invasions, and the rule of the Taliban in Afghanistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2022.1041435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T06:09:01Z","timestamp":1669788541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Khaled Hosseini's women as modern archetypes: A study of obedient, resistant and empowered Afghan women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Imran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayed M.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020743800000763","article-title":"Vartan Gregorian, The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reform and Modernization, 1880\u20131946 (Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 1969). Pp. 586. Index. Bibliography. $17.50","volume":"1","author":"Adamec","year":"1970","journal-title":"Int. J. Middle East Stud."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5395(82)90024-3","article-title":"\u201cFeminism and feminist movements in the Middle East, a preliminary exploration: Turkey, Egypt, Algeria, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen,\u201d","author":"Ahmed","year":"1982","journal-title":"Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 5, Pergamon"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5539\/ells.v7n1p113","article-title":"A legitimate end to illegitimate beginning: a critical analysis of mariam's character in a thousand splendid suns","volume":"7","author":"Akhtar","year":"2017","journal-title":"English Lang. Lit. Stud."},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"AFGHANISTAN Les femmes priv\u00e9es de justice2003"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"The Second Sex, Constance Borde and Sheila Malovany-Chevallier (tr.)","author":"Beauvoir","year":"2011"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2008.08.002","article-title":"\u201cObedient and resistant: Afghanistani women in Maryam Mahboob's short stories,\u201d","author":"Bezhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Women's Studies International Forum, vol. 31, Pergamon"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Afghanistani Storytelling and Writing: History, Performance and Forms","author":"Bezhan","year":"2006"},{"key":"B8","volume-title":"Women, The Family, and Policy: A Global Perspective","author":"Blumberg","year":"1994"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2307\/2096281","article-title":"Marx's theory of rebellion: A cross-national analysis of class exploitation, economic development, and violent revolt","author":"Boswell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Sociol. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-21178-4_6","article-title":"\u201cForced identities: the state, communalism, fundamentalism and women in India,\u201d","volume-title":"Women, Islam and the state","author":"Chhachhi","year":"1991"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.5169198","volume-title":"The Feminist Spectator as Critic","author":"Dolan","year":"2012"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"145","article-title":"\u201cAfghan women under the Taliban. Fundamentalism reborn?: Afghanistan and the Taliban,\u201d","volume-title":"Fundamentalism Reborn?: Afghanistan and the Talib\u00e1n","author":"Dupree","year":"1998"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/048661349102300313","article-title":"State, modernization and the women's movement in Afghanistan","volume":"23","author":"Emadi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev. Radic. Pol. Econ."},{"key":"B14","volume-title":"The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan","author":"Feifer","year":"2009"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.53057\/irls\/2020.2.1.5","article-title":"Can subaltern be heard: an analysis of the kite runner and the thousand splendid suns by Khalid Hosseini: can subaltern be heard","volume":"2","author":"Ghafoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Lit. Stud."},{"key":"B16","volume-title":"The advanced learner's dictionary of English","author":"Hornby","year":"1995"},{"key":"B17","volume-title":"The Kite Runner","author":"Hosseini","year":"2003"},{"key":"B18","volume-title":"A Thousand Splendid Suns","author":"Hosseini","year":"2007"},{"key":"B19","volume-title":"And The Mountain Echoed","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Sea Prayer","author":"Hosseini","year":"2018"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1353\/wlt.2019.0013","article-title":"River Woman","volume":"93","author":"Imran","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Lit. Today"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/12259276.2020.1718392","article-title":"Veiled courage: Inside the women's resistance against violence through their writings","volume":"26","author":"Imran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Women's Stud."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1080\/13530194.2019.1607208","article-title":"Review of We are Afghan Women: Voices of Hope, By George W. Bush Institute","volume":"49","author":"Imran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Middle East. Stud."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/13530194.2018.1549003","article-title":"Embroidering within boundaries: Afghan women creating a future","volume":"46","author":"Imran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Middle East. Stud."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"98","article-title":"Courageous Women: A Study of Resilience of Women in Khaled Hosseini's novel A Thousand Splendid Suns","volume":"17","author":"Joyia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Language in India"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"45","article-title":"Wars against women: sexual violence, sexual. States of conflict: gender, violence and resistance","author":"Kelly","year":"2000"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1057\/fr.1990.26","article-title":"Multiple mediations: Feminist scholarship in the age of multinational reception","volume":"35","author":"Mani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Fem. Rev."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"9","volume-title":"An Essay on Liberation","author":"Marcuse","year":"1969"},{"key":"B29","volume-title":"Women Native Other","author":"Minh-Ha","year":"1989"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781685858995","volume-title":"Modernizing women: Gender and social change in the Middle East.","author":"Moghadam","year":"2003"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2307\/302821","article-title":"Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses","volume":"2","author":"Mohanty","year":"1991","journal-title":"Boundary"},{"key":"B32","article-title":"\u201cFeminism without borders,\u201d","volume-title":"Feminism Without Borders","author":"Mohanty","year":"2003"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third World Feminism","author":"Narayan","year":"1997"},{"key":"B34","first-page":"38","article-title":"Afghan domestic women as represented in Khaled Hosseini's Thousand Splendid Suns and Atiq Rahimi's the Patience Stone","volume":"3","author":"Probowati","year":"2017","journal-title":"JEELL (J. Eng. Educ. Linguist. Lit.)"},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Status of Women: Afghanistan","author":"Rahimi","year":"1991"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53057\/irls\/2022.4.1.1","article-title":"implicit rape and female consent in thomas pynchon'sv","volume":"4","author":"Schrey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Lit. Stud."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5642\/lux.201303.15","article-title":"Leaders and heroes: Modern day archetypes","volume":"3","author":"Shadraconis","year":"2013","journal-title":"LUX: J. Transdiscip. Writing Res. Claremont Graduate Univ."},{"key":"B38","volume-title":"Silences","author":"Showalter","year":"2002"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"A critique of PostcolonialReason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present","author":"Spivak","year":"1999"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"A Thousand Splendid Suns: Sanctuary and Resistance; Critical Insights: Cultural Encounters","author":"Stuhr","year":"2013"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"AIHRC, 2018 Annual Report on Violence Against Women, 42018"},{"key":"B42","volume-title":"A Vindication of the Rights of Woman","author":"Wollstonecraft","year":"2014"},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Kabul, Afghanistan, 1-142014"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Sociology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2022.1041435\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,2]],"date-time":"2023-12-02T05:21:23Z","timestamp":1701494483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2022.1041435\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsoc.2022.1041435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2022.1041435","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-7775"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-7775","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"article-number":"1041435"}}