{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T09:48:12Z","timestamp":1756460892410,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP20K01501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP20K01501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>This study conducted a survey of domestic violence victimization among women in China. Previously little research has been conducted on the subject of domestic violence against Chinese women as well as its relevance to their own economic power.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Using online questionnaires, this study collected data about 412 women with current or previous marital status who came from four income brackets in Beijing and Shanghai.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>It revealed that the proportions of physical, emotional, economic, and sexual violence they experienced were about 27.91%, 62.38%, 21.12%, and 30.10%, respectively. Women belonging to the highest income bracket faced almost the same risk of domestic violence compared with other income groups. Furthermore, there was a slight upward tendency in physical and emotional violence victimization in the highest-income group. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that adverse childhood experiences, arguments between couples due to different opinions regarding gender ideologies, and the approval level for specific gender ideologies were common significant factors across different income brackets. When all income brackets were considered, a higher income was tested as a protective factor with regard to sexual violence. As for the income gap between couples, women whose incomes were \u201conce higher than that of the husband but now lower\/almost the same\u201d or \u201calways higher than that of the husband\u201d faced a higher risk of physical violence than women whose incomes were \u201calways lower than\/almost the same as that of the husband.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>This study not only revealed the reality of domestic violence victimization in China but also suggested that more attention should be paid to high-income women's domestic violence victimization as well as the importance of helping them both through academia and domestic violence support institutions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2023.1178673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T04:40:30Z","timestamp":1681706430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Domestic violence victimization among Chinese women and its relevance to their economic power"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Sekiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7454-1","article-title":"Women's income and risk of intimate partner violence: secondary findings from the MAISHA cluster randomised trial in North-Western Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"Abramsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.4.1847","article-title":"The gender wage gap and domestic violence","volume":"100","author":"Aizer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0275950","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275950","article-title":"Verbal and psychological violence against women in Turkey and its determinants","volume":"17","author":"Alkan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-021-01333-1","article-title":"Determination of the factors affecting sexual violence against women in turkey: a population-based analysis","volume":"21","author":"Alkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.18510\/hssr.2020.867","article-title":"Determinants of domestic physical violence against women in Turkeys","volume":"8","author":"Alkan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human. Soc. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.2307\/353952","article-title":"Gender, status, and domestic violence: an integration of feminist and family violence approaches","volume":"59","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2005.00206.x","article-title":"For women, breadwinning can be dangerous: gendered resource theory and wife abuse","volume":"67","author":"Atkinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"B8","unstructured":"Main data of the fourth survey on the social status of Chinese women2021"},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"ClayS.\n Idiot's Guide to Odds Ratios2018"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539510384499","article-title":"A national study of the prevalence and correlates of domestic violence among women in India","volume":"24","author":"Dalal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public Health"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/00346769700000004","article-title":"An economic analysis of domestic violence","volume":"55","author":"Farmer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Econ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896-012-9419-3","article-title":"The intergenerational transmission of intimate partner violence: differentiating correlates in a random community sample","volume":"27","author":"Franklin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fam. Violence"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2003.0014","article-title":"Women's status and domestic violence in rural Bangladesh: individual- and community-level effects","volume":"40","author":"Koenig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2307\/354015","article-title":"When she brings home the bacon: labor-force participation and the risk of spousal violence against women","volume":"61","author":"Macmillan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/089124396010004006","article-title":"Socioeconomic and coercive power within the family","volume":"10","author":"McCloskey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gender Soc."},{"key":"B17","unstructured":"China Statistical Yearbook 2021. China: China Statistics Press2021"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69744-4","article-title":"Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"368","author":"Pronyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"RaghavendraS.\n ChadhaM.\n DuvvuryN.\n 2018"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"Population, Female2021"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.076968","article-title":"Childhood experiences of interparental violence as a risk factor for intimate partner violence: a population-based study from Northern Vietnam","volume":"63","author":"Vung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"B22","unstructured":"WenJ. X.\n Sample Service2023"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260502238733","article-title":"Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults: assessment in a large health maintenance organization","volume":"18","author":"Whitfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"journal-title":"WHO Multi-Country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence Against Women: Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women's Responses","year":"2005","key":"B24"},{"key":"B25","unstructured":"The VPA Approach2023"},{"journal-title":"Data Analysis of Questionnaire: Cracking the Six Types of Analysis Mindsets in SPSS Software","year":"2020","author":"Zhou","key":"B26"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Sociology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2023.1178673\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1681706436000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2023.1178673\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsoc.2023.1178673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2023.1178673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-7775"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2297-7775"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"article-number":"1178673"}}