{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:42:57Z","timestamp":1793043777621,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This article explores what \u201ccare\u201d looks like in the specific context of Muslim refugees and asylum seekers within the dominant discourse of humanitarianism. India and Australia are chosen for this comparative analysis because our aim is to emphasise multidimensional anti-Muslim alliances that are now in place in both contexts between the governments and official and unofficial media that influence humanitarian policies and practice. We argue that the \u201cinformation disorder\u201d that dominates current media ecologies about Muslim refugees in both countries is produced at this nexus of official agents\u2014both state and media institutions\u2014as well as social media content produced by local and global actors that perpetuate anti-Muslim bias. More specifically, this article examines how India has responded to emergencies involving the Rohingya refugees, and Australia\u2019s treatment of post-9\/11 Muslim refugees and asylum seekers. We demonstrate that these states and the media they sponsor are linked to the use of disinformation, or deliberately inaccurate information to seed and perpetuate Islamophobic sentiments and thereby practice a form of \u201ccalculated care\u201d. The examples in this article highlight the need to build on our understanding of what constitutes humanitarian care towards vulnerable and stateless populations. Furthermore, they call for response strategies that take into cognizance the fact that Islamophobia has been institutionalized in the public sphere in order to promote culturally supremacist discourses of traditional values as well as national security.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2024.1358556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T07:05:35Z","timestamp":1733900735000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Disinformation and calculated care beyond the Global North: comparing refugee discourses in Australia and India"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sukhmani","family":"Khorana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Thapliyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"Media missing in Manus\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Arab, Australian, other: stories on race and identity","author":"Abdel-Fattah","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3390\/rel13050380","article-title":"\u2018Fight, Die, and If Required Kill\u2019: Hindu Nationalism, Misinformation, and Islamophobia in India","volume":"13","author":"Amarasingam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Religions"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"\u2018Nobody\u2019s Children, Owners of Nothing\u2019: Analysing the Indian State\u2019s Policy Response to the Rohingya Refugee Crisis","author":"Amin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Designed to exclude: How India\u2019s courts are allowing foreigners tribunals to render people stateless in Assam\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Baker\n              N.\n            \n          \n          SBS News\n          Manus Island has shut \u2013 but hundreds of asylum seekers say they are now stranded\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"WhatsApp Vigilantes: An Exploration of Citizen Reception and Circulation of WhatsApp Information Linked to Mob Violence in India","author":"Banaji","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"How anti-Muslim disinformation campaigns in India have surged during COVID-19","author":"Banaji","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"Wasted Lives: Modernity And Its Outcasts","author":"Bauman","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1093\/rsq\/hdr016","article-title":"Being a Tibetan refugee in India","volume":"31","author":"Bentz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Refug. 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Aust."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/soc13070168","article-title":"Misinformation and its impact on contested policy issues: the example of migration discourses","volume":"13","author":"Komendantova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Societies"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1080\/01436597.2013.785340","article-title":"Constructing the Nation\u2019s Enemy: Hindutva, popular culture and the Muslim \u2018other\u2019in Bollywood cinema","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Third World Q."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.25071\/1920-7336.40323","article-title":"The most brutal immigration regime in the developed world\u201d:International Media Responses to Australia\u2019s Asylum-Seeker Policy","volume":"32","author":"Laney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Refuge"},{"key":"ref43","unstructured":"Makhashvili\n              V. 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Racism, social movements and the state","author":"Massoumi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Menadue\n              J.\n            \n            \n              Keski-Nummi\n              A.\n            \n            \n              Gauthier\n              K.\n            \n          \n          Centre for Policy Development\n          A new approach: breaking the stalemate on refugees and asylum seekers\n          \n          2011"},{"key":"ref50","unstructured":"Mohan\n              R.\n            \n          \n          The Wire\n          Imagine no country claims you, and your own country wants to throw you into the sea\n          \n          2018"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2168-3_5","article-title":"Understanding Media Portrayal of Rohingya Refugees","volume-title":"Citizenship, Nationalism and Refugeehood of Rohingyas in Southern Asia","author":"Mohanty","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003246800-34","article-title":"Living conditions of Rohingya in India","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Refugees in India","author":"Nair","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref53","unstructured":"SBS News\n          No protection owed\u201d to Biloela\u2019s Murugappan family, Scott Morrison says, as Labor outlines policy costings\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"ref54","unstructured":"Pathak\n              V.\n            \n          \n          The Hindu\n          Rohingya not welcome: ICSSR chief\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/rel10090501","article-title":"Australian Media and Islamophobia: Representations of Asylum Seeker Children","volume":"10","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Religions"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/1440783317690926","article-title":"Docility and desert: Government discourses of compassion in Australia\u2019s asylum seeker debate","volume":"53","author":"Peterie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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