{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:48:21Z","timestamp":1791319701133,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Indonesia is a majority Muslim country with a significant influence of religion in public and private life. Islam, alongside the five others officially recognized religions, serves as a crucial moral foundation within the country\u2019s diverse cultural and governmental frameworks. However, the role of religion has been subject to debate over the years up to the recent politico-religious polarization observed during the last three presidential elections (2014, 2019, and 2024). Drawing from contemporary secularization theory, this study aims to explore the continuity and change in the societal role of religion in Indonesia over the past two decades. It tests the potential decline of religiosity among the populace amidst the continuing strong state\u2019s regulation on religion in the country. The study collects and analyzes secondary data from\n                    <jats:italic>Badan Pusat Statistik<\/jats:italic>\n                    (BPS or the Office of Indonesian National Statistics) and the World Values Survey to investigate continuities and shifts in religious adherence and affiliation, levels of socio-religious participation, and individual religiosity\u2014including belief in God and frequency of daily or weekly prayer. The findings indicate that religious adherence and affiliation remain relatively high, coupled with a decent level of socio-religious participation. However, there is a decline in personal religious belief among the population. The contradiction between those three forms of religiosity\u2014affiliation, participation and belief\u2014might suggest an early stage of long-term secularization. In the last two decades, religion is often viewed as a formal identity marker in Indonesian public life, with more nuanced correlation to individuals\u2019 personal religious beliefs and practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2025.1698036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:45:16Z","timestamp":1768196716000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Regulated religion, fading belief: how Indonesians\u2019 religiosity has quietly changed, 2000\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Amika","family":"Wardana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Regulating religion and recognizing \u201canimist beliefs\u201d in Indonesian law and life","volume-title":"Religious pluralism in Indonesia","author":"Aragon","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Statistik sosial budaya hasil susenas 2006 (Jakarta: social and cultural statistics results of the 2006 susenas)","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref5","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref6","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref8","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref9","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref10","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref11","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1","article-title":"The desecularization of the world: a global overview","volume-title":"The desecularization of the world: resurgent religion and world politics","author":"Berger","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/10357823.2019.1626534","article-title":"Civil Islam revisited","volume":"43","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Stud. 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