{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:17:20Z","timestamp":1783354640189,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women\u2019s pathways into homelessness are gendered, shaped by family dysfunction, economic precarity, and high rates of violence. Despite the profound implications for women and their children, evidence from Ethiopia remains scarce. This study explored women\u2019s early-life experiences, trajectories into and through homelessness in Addis Ababa, and the challenges and resources related to community reintegration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted an exploratory qualitative study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in December 2023 using semi-structured interviews. Women of reproductive age experiencing homelessness were purposively recruited through a local civil society organisation (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f19). Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, and the report was prepared in accordance with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed four themes: \u201cChildhood trauma from abuse\u201d, \u201cSexual violence\u201d, \u201cBarriers to leaving street life\u201d, and \u201cSources of hope\u201d. The analysis identified three distinct trajectories \u2013 Chaotic, Circuious, and Linear \u2013 which differentiated women\u2019s movement into and through homelessness. Women\u2019s accounts revealed trajectories in which early harm within families and households extended into street-based victimisation. This reinforced heightened insecurity and limited their options to exit homelessness. Across themes, cumulative violence was sustained by social and structural constraints, including substance use and limited access to formal protection and justice. Despite these constraints, women emphasised sources of hope, including faith, perseverance, and aspirations to care for and support their children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women\u2019s trajectories into and through homelessness in Addis Ababa were shaped by cumulative, gendered violence across the life course. These results suggest that reintegration pathways must be tailored to specific trajectories, providing trauma-informed care for chaotic routes and economic safety nets for circuitous ones. Such an approach highlights the need for locally grounded, trauma-informed, and gender-responsive interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1762686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T23:10:10Z","timestamp":1782947410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cI had no choice but to escape\u201d: exploring women\u2019s trajectories from early life trauma through homelessness in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Kalkidan","family":"Yohannes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Centre for Health and Sustainability, Uppsala University","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]},{"name":"WOMHER\u2014Women\u2019s Mental Health during the Reproductive Lifespan, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Uppsala University","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dilla University","place":["Dilla, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Bradby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Uppsala University","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibylle Herzig","family":"van Wees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Centre for Health and Sustainability, Uppsala University","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute","place":["Stockholm, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemane","family":"Berhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Addis Continental Institute of Public Health","place":["Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrika","family":"Persson-Fischier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Centre for Health and Sustainability, Uppsala University","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mats","family":"M\u00e5lqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Centre for Health and Sustainability, Uppsala University","place":["Uppsala, Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4082","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074082","article-title":"Social norms and family child labor: a systematic literature review","volume":"19","author":"Abdullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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