{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:25:26Z","timestamp":1787030726540,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on selected analytical aspects of social mobility from a structural\u2013historical perspective, which provide important inputs for our broader research on intergenerational individual social mobility in Uruguay. We present the results of a structural\u2013historical analysis of social classes in Uruguay during the second half of the twentieth century, based on census data on the Economically Active Population (EAP) from 1963, 1975, 1985, and 1996. Social classes are classified using Torrado\u2019s scheme and harmonized with the structural perspective proposed by Filgueira and Geneletti (FG). While acknowledging the contributions of Terra, Errandonea, and Bazzi, this study examines the period 1963\u20131996 in greater depth, assessing the implications of several hypotheses previously formulated by FG. The paper builds on earlier methodological work, which details the harmonization of census microdata, the construction of a unified census database, and the development of a standardized occupational dictionary. Given the broad temporal scope of the analysis, which allows for the assessment of long-term structural hypotheses, we focus on static intertemporal contrasts for reasons of analytical clarity and conceptual consistency. Our findings support the following conclusions: (1) the central role of structural transformations and their sectoral effects; (2) the increasing relevance of the service sector\u2014amid agricultural and industrial stagnation\u2014for opportunities for structural social mobility; (3) the growing mismatch between educational attainment and occupational positions; (4) the massive and dual incorporation of women into the EAP; (5) the substantial decline of wage employment and rural occupations; and (6) the unequal use of educational opportunities across social classes, gender, and selected birth cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1787966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:44Z","timestamp":1787027324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The structure of classes in Uruguay, 1963\u20131996: a structural\u2013historical perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Boado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","place":["Montevideo, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Vanoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","place":["Montevideo, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica","place":["Montevideo, Uruguay"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America","author":"Barozet","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950 -2010. NBER Working Paper No. 15902 JEL No. F43,I21,O11,O4","author":"Barro","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Structural Social Mobility in Uruguay in the Post-Dictatorial period 1985\u20132006","author":"Bazzi","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Social Mobility in Contemporary Uruguay","author":"Boado","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"Academic and Labor Trajectories of Young Uruguayans","author":"Boado","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref9001","author":"Boado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Uruguay class structure 1963-1996: clues for analyze its transformationsEl Uruguay desde la Sociolog\u00eda XXI, Social Sciences School, Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0289.12032","article-title":"The Maddison Project: collaborative research on historical national accounts (version 2013)","volume":"67","author":"Bolt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econ. Hist. Rev."},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"\u201cGDP and Productive Structure in Uruguay (1870\u20132011): Review of Historical Series and Methodological Discussion\u201d. WP Series 05\/12","author":"Bonino","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"\u201cUruguay International Migration Estimatives between 1963 y 2004\u201d Working Paper Series N\u00b0 70; Unidad Multidisciplinaria-Programa de Poblaci\u00f3n Facultad de Ciencias Sociales","author":"Cabella","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Le destin Des G\u00e9n\u00e9rations. Structure Sociale et Cohortes en France au XXe si\u00e8cle","author":"Chauvel","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref9003","author":"Di Tella","year":"1962","journal-title":"Economy and occupational structure in an underdeveloped country\u201d. 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Santiago de Chile: United Nations, ELAC, number 27916 edited by Cepal.","author":"Filgueira","year":"1981"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"Social Mobility in Industrial Society","author":"Germani","year":"1963"},{"key":"ref9004","volume-title":"A Sociological Development Paradigm: referred to Latin America","author":"Heintz","year":"1970"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"Methodology of Calculation and Construction of the series; T12\/23","author":"Marmisolle","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"Urbanization and Deruralization of Uruguay","author":"Martorelli","year":"1978"},{"key":"ref9005","author":"Moxlad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Uruguay PBI data. UMAD; Social Sciences School. Montevideo: Universidad de la Rep\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"Trabajo y Sociedad. N\u00ba 32, Summer 2019","author":"Sacco","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2085361","article-title":"Some Demographic Clues to Stratification","volume":"7","author":"Sibley","year":"1942","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Studies on Uruguayan Society (I)","author":"Solari","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Education, occupation and development","author":"Solari","year":"1967","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Sci. 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OFCE"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Sociology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1787966\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:28:49Z","timestamp":1787027329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1787966\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1787966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1787966","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-7775"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-7775","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"article-number":"1787966"}}