{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T05:04:48Z","timestamp":1789362288734,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Egypt\u2019s total fertility rate (TFR) increased from 3.0 births per woman in 2008 to 3.5 in 2014, before declining to 2.85 in 2021. This study examined the proximate determinants associated with the post-2014 fertility decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis used published aggregate indicators from the nationally representative EDHS 2014 and EFHS 2021, covering 21,762 and 20,481 ever-married women aged 15\u201349\u202fyears, respectively. Bongaarts\u2019s proximate determinants framework was applied to marriage, contraception, postpartum infecundability, and induced abortion. Relative contributions were assessed using logarithmic decomposition, and sensitivity analysis evaluated total fecundity (TF) values of 15.3 and 17.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The marriage index declined from 0.56 to 0.39, contraceptive prevalence increased from 58 to 66%, and the contraceptive index declined from 0.41 to 0.34. Weighted contraceptive effectiveness decreased slightly from 0.935 to 0.921, while the postpartum infecundability index declined from 0.79 to 0.77. Marriage accounted for 63.7% of the model-implied fertility change, contraception 32.2%, and postpartum infecundability 4.1%. However, the model-estimated TFR declined from 2.82 to 1.58, indicating that the measured determinants did not fully reproduce the observed fertility trajectory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Egypt\u2019s post-2014 fertility decline was associated mainly with reduced marriage exposure and stronger contraceptive inhibition, while postpartum infecundability played a limited role.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1883668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T04:37:28Z","timestamp":1789360648000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Marriage, contraception, and fertility decline in Egypt: sociological insights from Bongaarts\u2019s proximate determinants framework"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"AbdelMajeed Ahmed","family":"Hendy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, University of Al Dhaid","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Population Studies, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Minia University","place":["Minya, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastur Hammad","family":"Rehim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, University of Al Dhaid","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Mohi Khalaf","family":"Sakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, Umm Al Quwain University","place":["Umm Al Quwain, United Arab Emirates"]},{"name":"Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts, Minia University","place":["Minya, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalil Ibrahim","family":"Al-Halalat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work, The University of Jordan","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruqayya","family":"Alteneiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology, College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, University of Al Dhaid","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31899\/rh13.1031","volume-title":"Fertility Preferences and Behaviors among younger Cohorts in Egypt: Recent Trends, Correlates, and Prospects for change","author":"Abdel-Tawab","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref3","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref5","author":"Blank","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2307\/1972149","article-title":"A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility","volume":"4","author":"Bongaarts","year":"1978","journal-title":"Popul. 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Egypt Today","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Sociology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1883668\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T04:37:43Z","timestamp":1789360663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1883668\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1883668"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1883668","relation":{},"ISSN":["2297-7775"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2297-7775","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"article-number":"1883668"}}