{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:54:37Z","timestamp":1790747677960,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sociol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban waste management increasingly relies on hybrid collection systems based on controlled-access smart bins. Their implicit promise is to strengthen compliance by increasing behavioural control while reducing the organisational costs associated with door-to-door collection. This article tests this premise through a survey of 502 users involved in a large-scale Italian pilot project. Integrating analytical sociology, social norms theory, and Science and Technology Studies, we identify three interrelated mechanisms underlying the system\u2019s ambivalent outcomes: limited norm internalisation, ineffective sanctions, and the increased visibility of non-compliant behaviour. We argue that smart bins reshape users\u2019 empirical expectations and may thereby contribute to the progressive erosion of compliance with waste separation norms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2026.1939810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:56:03Z","timestamp":1790744163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Making non-compliance visible: how smart bins reshape social norms in urban waste management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Claudio","family":"Marciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Claudio Marciano, Department of Political and International Sciences, University of Genoa","place":["Genoa, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sciullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultures, Politics and Society, Universita degli Studi di Torino","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cultures, Politics and Society, Universita degli Studi di Torino","place":["Turin, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Analytical Sociology and social Mechanisms","author":"Barbera","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/001391659702900404","article-title":"The demographics of recycling and the structure of environmental behavior","volume":"29","author":"Berger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environment and Behavior"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"The Grammar of Society: The Nature and Dynamics of Social Norms","author":"Bicchieri","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Norms in the Wild: How to Diagnose, Measure, and Change Social Norms","author":"Bicchieri","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11127-019-00684-6","article-title":"Nudging with care: the risks and benefits of social information","volume":"191","author":"Bicchieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geb.2021.11.012","article-title":"Social proximity and the erosion of norm compliance","volume":"132","author":"Bicchieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Games Econ. 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