{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:28:12Z","timestamp":1788413292588,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sports Act. Living"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The acquisition of new motor skills from scratch, also known as\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    learning, is an essential aspect of motor development. In\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    learning, the ability to generalize skills acquired under one condition to others is crucial because of the inherently limited range of motor experiences available for learning. However, the presence of generalization in\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    learning and its influencing factors remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the generalization of\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    motor learning by examining the motor exploration process, which is the accumulation of motor experiences. To this end, we manipulated the exploration process during practice by changing the target shape using either a small circular target or a bar-shaped target. Our findings demonstrated that the amount of learning during practice was generalized across different conditions. Furthermore, the extent of generalization is influenced by movement variability in the control space, which is irrelevant to the task, rather than the target shapes themselves. These results confirmed the occurrence of generalization in\n                    <jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    learning and suggest that the exploration process within the control space plays a significant role in facilitating this generalization.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1370621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,5]],"date-time":"2024-03-05T23:33:46Z","timestamp":1709681626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Generalization in de novo learning of virtual upper limb movements is influenced by motor exploration"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Kawano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoki","family":"Kouzaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shota","family":"Hagio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.01.036","article-title":"Motor task variation induces structural learning","volume":"19","author":"Braun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8289","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4455-13.2014","article-title":"Learning redundant motor tasks with and without overlapping dimensions: facilitation and interference effects","volume":"34","author":"Ranganathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00458.2021","article-title":"Can moving in a redundant workspace accelerate motor adaptation?","volume":"128","author":"Esfandiari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4362","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00380.2005","article-title":"Remapping hand movements in a novel geometrical environment","volume":"94","author":"Mosier","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12384","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0122-13.2013","article-title":"Differences in adaptation rates after virtual surgeries provide direct evidence for modularity","volume":"33","author":"Berger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170043","article-title":"Motor learning","volume":"9","author":"Krakauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62578","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62578","article-title":"De novo learning versus adaptation of continuous control in a manual tracking task","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00474.2021","article-title":"De novo motor learning of a bimanual control task over multiple days of practice","volume":"128","author":"Haith","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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