{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:33:51Z","timestamp":1753893231180,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Sports Act. Living"],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The time courses of the joint elevation angles of the thigh, shank, and foot in one stride during walking can be well approximated by a \u201c<jats:italic>plane<\/jats:italic>\u201d in a triaxial space. This intersegmental coordination (IC) of the lower limb elevation angles is associated with gait variability. This study aimed to examine how anteroposterior and lateral gait variabilities are influenced by different amplitudes (\u00b10.33 vs.\u2009\u00b1\u20090.67\u2005m\u00b7s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and periods (30 vs. 60\u2005s) of sinusoidal speed changes. We also examined which limbs are responsible for the step variabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The IC <jats:italic>plane<\/jats:italic> thickness and coefficient of variance of step width (CV<jats:sub>SW<\/jats:sub>) were quantified as anteroposterior and lateral gait variability in 18 young adults. Time delay of step length (TD<jats:sub>SL<\/jats:sub>) and step frequency (TD<jats:sub>SF<\/jats:sub>) against sinusoidal speed changes were determined. Two-way statistical parametric mapping was applied for the time courses of each limb angle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The IC <jats:italic>plane<\/jats:italic> thickness was greater in the \u00b10.67\u2005m\u00b7s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> condition than the \u00b10.33\u2005m\u00b7s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> condition. Neither periods nor amplitudes affected CV<jats:sub>SW<\/jats:sub>, TD<jats:sub>SL<\/jats:sub>, and TD<jats:sub>SF<\/jats:sub>. In the middle gait cycle, shank and foot angles were delayed against sinusoidal speed changes in the \u00b10.67\u2005m\u00b7s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> condition during acceleration phase, whereas shank and thigh angles proceeded in that condition during deceleration phase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Amplitude of sinusoidal speed changes increased anteroposterior, but not lateral, gait variability regardless of period. Distal and proximal limbs are controlled differently when continuous step adjustments are required, and this may be attributed to step variabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2025.1602012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:23:52Z","timestamp":1748841832000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Do speed amplitude and period affect gait variability and step followability under sinusoidal speed changing conditions?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kiyotaka","family":"Motoyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takehiro","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Horiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taisuke","family":"Sakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daijiro","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1999.14.4.168","article-title":"Motor patterns in walking","volume":"14","author":"Lacquaniti","year":"1999","journal-title":"News Physiol. Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00289.2006","article-title":"Intersegmental coordination during human locomotion: does planar covariation of elevation angles reflect central constraints?","volume":"96","author":"Hicheur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00844.2016","article-title":"Aging does not affect the intralimb coordination elicited by slip-like perturbation of different intensities","volume":"118","author":"Aprigliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.01.003","article-title":"External sensory-motor cues while managing unexpected slippages can violate the planar covariation law","volume":"85","author":"Aprigliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2012.01.010","article-title":"Kinematic covariation in pediatric, adult and elderly subjects: is gait control influenced by age?","volume":"27","author":"Bleyenheuft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.03.014","article-title":"Intersegmental kinematics coordination in unilateral peripheral and central origin: effect on gait mechanism?","volume":"62","author":"Wallard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.011","article-title":"Effects of walking speed on gait stability and interlimb coordination in younger and older adults","volume":"39","author":"Krasovsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01308.2007","article-title":"On the origin of planar covariation of elevation angles during human locomotion","volume":"99","author":"Ivanenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.03.001","article-title":"Effect of walking speed on the intersegmental coordination of lower-limb segments in elderly adults","volume":"70","author":"Dewolf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01020.2017","article-title":"Kinematic patterns while walking on a slope at different speeds","volume":"125","author":"Dewolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb185447","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.185447","article-title":"Preferred walking speed on rough terrain: is it all about energetics?","volume":"222","author":"Gast","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00866.2011","article-title":"Fast visual prediction and slow optimization of preferred walking speed","volume":"107","author":"O'Connor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-022-00298-w","article-title":"Effects of exercise habituation and aging on the intersegmental coordination of lower limbs during walking with sinusoidal speed change","volume":"41","author":"Abe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2023.08.029","article-title":"Gait variability of interlimb coordination in high-heeled shoes with detachable base sockets under conditions of sinusoidal speed change","volume":"106","author":"Abe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-023-06545-2","article-title":"Normalized economical speed is influenced by aging and not by exercise habituation","volume":"16","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.10.028","article-title":"Effect of walking speed on inter-joint coordination differs between young and elderly adults","volume":"45","author":"Chiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2016.04.018","article-title":"Effect of walking speed on inter-joint coordination differs between young and elderly adults","volume":"48","author":"Ogaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00671-9","article-title":"Step width variability as a discriminator of age-related gait changes","volume":"17","author":"Skiadopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-2-21","article-title":"Too much or too little step width variability is associated with a fall history in older persons who walk at or near normal gait speed","volume":"2","author":"Brach","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2007.05.003","article-title":"Gait dynamics, fractals and falls: finding meaning in the stride-to-stride fluctuations of human walking","volume":"26","author":"Hausdorff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.08.002","article-title":"Effects of walking speed, strength and range of motion on gait stability in healthy older adults","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2018.07.006","article-title":"Influence of energy cost and physical fitness on the preferred walking speed and gait variability in elderly women","volume":"43","author":"Ciprandi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00207","article-title":"Kinematic changes during prolonged fast-walking in old and young adults","volume":"4","author":"Oliveira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146","article-title":"G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1580130","article-title":"Combined effects of exposure to hypoxia and cool on walking economy and muscle oxygenation profiles at tibialis anterior","volume":"37","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00336-7","article-title":"Economical and preferred walking speed using body weight support apparatus with a spring-like characteristics","volume":"13","author":"Abe","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8290","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8290","article-title":"Why do we transition from walking to running? Energy cost and lower leg muscle activity before and after gait transition under body weight support","volume":"7","author":"Abe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.10.013","article-title":"Zero- vs. one-dimensional, parametric vs. non-parametric, and confidence interval vs. hypothesis testing procedures in one-dimensional biomechanical trajectory analysis","volume":"48","author":"Pataky","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919816","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.919816","article-title":"Different types of visual perturbation induced different demands and patterns in active control: implication for future sensorimotor training","volume":"13","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/01.npt.0000281949.48193.d9","article-title":"Optimal movement variability: a new theoretical perspective for neurologic physical therapy","volume":"30","author":"Stergiou","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34910-5","article-title":"Regulation of whole-body angular momentum during human walking","volume":"13","author":"Negishi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1073","article-title":"Upright human gait did not provide a major mechanical challenge for our ancestors","volume":"1","author":"Maus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/027836499000900206","article-title":"Passive dynamic walking","volume":"9","author":"McGeer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Robot Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00204049","article-title":"A model of the neuro-musculo-skeletal system for human locomotion. II real-time adaptability under various constraints","volume":"73","author":"Taga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Cybern"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107799","article-title":"Efficient bipedal robots based on passive-dynamic walkers","volume":"307","author":"Collins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149860","article-title":"Biomechanical energy harvesting: generating electricity during walking with minimal user effort","volume":"319","author":"Donelan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40101-019-0211-4","article-title":"On the simple calculation of walking efficiency without kinematic information for its convenient use","volume":"38","author":"Abe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol Anthropol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2014.09.003","article-title":"Effects of aging on mechanical efficiency and muscle activation during level and uphill walking","volume":"25","author":"Ortega","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Electromyogr Kinesiol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.2020-0346","article-title":"Load carriage during walking increases dynamic stiffness at distal lower limb joints","volume":"37","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.3.1044","article-title":"Mechanism of leg stiffness adjustment for hopping on surfaces of different stiffnesses","volume":"85","author":"Farley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1590358","article-title":"Constant and variable stiffness and damping of the leg joints in human hopping","volume":"125","author":"Rapoport","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Sports and Active Living"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fspor.2025.1602012\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:23:52Z","timestamp":1748841832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fspor.2025.1602012\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fspor.2025.1602012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fspor.2025.1602012","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-9367"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2624-9367"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"article-number":"1602012"}}