{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T08:59:23Z","timestamp":1776416363620,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) is a frequently encountered entity that carries a high rate of recurrence. The current study aims to investigate if cannabis use at time of initial PSP is associated with disease recurrence.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Patients presenting with PSP between 2010 and 2018 at a single institution were identified. Exclusion criteria included secondary pneumothorax, severe chronic lung disease, lung cancer, and lost to follow-up. Patients were compared relative to their cannabis usage with Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and logistic regression.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Overall, 67 patients (53 male) met inclusion criteria with a median body mass index (BMI) of 21.5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (IQR 19.1\u201325.2) and age of 34 years (IQR 22\u201353). Initial treatment consisted of chest tube in 42 patients (63%), video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery wedge resection in 19 patients (28%), and observation in 6 patients (9%). Cannabis users (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 28; 42%) had a higher rate of tobacco use (79 vs. 38%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005), lower BMI [21.0 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (IQR 18.3\u201323.1) vs. 22.2 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (IQR 19.9\u201328.6), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.037], and were more likely to require intervention at first presentation compared with non-marijuana users. Cannabis use was associated with PSP recurrence when adjusting for tobacco use, BMI, and height (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.38\u201318.3, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.014).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> There is a high rate of cannabis usage in patients presenting with PSP. Cannabis usage is associated with PSP recurrence and eventual need for operative intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.668588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T04:27:37Z","timestamp":1621916857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cannabis Use Is Associated With Recurrence After Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Connor J.","family":"Wakefield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher W.","family":"Seder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew 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