{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T22:59:09Z","timestamp":1774306749546,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> Microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery has been accepted as a minimally invasive surgical modality for the treatment of hemifacial spasm (HFS). However, the size of the bone window does not match the concept of minimally invasive. This study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of &amp;lt;2 cm micro-keyhole MVD.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A total of 148 patients with HFS diagnosed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 1, 2019, to July 1, 2020, who underwent MVD in the neurosurgery department of the hospital were collected. Surgery was performed by a retrosigmoid keyhole approach with the bone hole diameter &amp;lt;2 cm, which was named micro-keyhole MVD. The efficacy and safety of the micro-keyhole MVD were evaluated by statistical analysis of the efficacy of the micro-keyhole MVD and the incidence of postoperative complications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The effect of micro-keyhole MVD was satisfying (cure or partial remission) in 97.2% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 144). The failure and recurrence rates were 2.7% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4) and 0.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1), respectively. Among them, immediate facial palsy, delayed facial palsy, hearing loss, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage were found in 0.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1), 8.1% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12), 4.7% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7), and 1.3% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2). Only one patient developed cerebellar infarction, which was complicated by \u201cmoyamoya disease.\u201d The micro-keyhole MVD in the treatment of HFS can achieve a high remission rate and reduce the incidence of surgical complications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Micro-keyhole MVD is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for HFS. This technique does not increase the incidence of cranial nerve injury. Meanwhile, it reduces the incidence of CSF leakage and hearing loss (HL).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.685155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T05:03:10Z","timestamp":1627448590000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Efficacy and Safety of &lt;2 cm Micro-Keyhole Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jiashang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanfeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Quanhong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1977.47.3.0321","article-title":"Etiology and definitive microsurgical treatment of hemifacial spasm. 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