{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:34:38Z","timestamp":1753893278690,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The operating theater is recognized to involve a high frequency of occupational blood and body fluid contacts.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to visualize the production of blood and body fluid airborne particles by surgical procedures and to investigate risks of microbial contamination of the conjunctival membranes of surgical staff during orthopedic operations.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Two physicians simulated total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) in a bio-clean theater using model bones. The generation and behaviors of airborne particles were filmed using a fine particle visualization system, and numbers of airborne particles per 2.83 L of air were counted at the height of the operating and instrument tables. Each action was repeated five times, and particle counts were evaluated statistically.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Numerous airborne particles were dispersed to higher and wider areas while \u201ccutting bones in TKA\u201d and \u201cstriking and driving the cup component on the pelvic bone in THA\u201d compared to other surgical procedures. The highest particle counts were detected while \u201ccutting bones in TKA\u201d under unidirectional laminar air flow.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> These results provide a clearer image of the dispersion and distribution of airborne particles and identified higher-risk surgical procedures for microbial contamination of the conjunctival membranes. Surgical staff including surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists, and visitors, should pay attention to and take measures against occupational infection particularly in high-risk surgical situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.754785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,22]],"date-time":"2021-11-22T05:11:03Z","timestamp":1637557863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Visualization of Airborne Particles as a Risk for Microbial Contamination in Orthopedic 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