{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:45:05Z","timestamp":1787499905608,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings of ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma (EHCC) have been rarely documented. Complicated clinical features and unpredictable medical prognosis make diagnosis and treatment difficult.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case Presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We reported a 59-year-old male patient who came to the hospital with epigastric discomfort and regurgitation of gastric acid. An enhanced CT scan revealed a 1.8 cm \u00d7 1.4 cm mass in the tail of pancreas without any positive finding in the liver. Postoperative MRI scan was performed but did not reveal any evidence of hepatic tumor. The tumor was resected\n                      <jats:italic>in toto<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Meanwhile, a 1 cm \u00d7 1 cm mass in the body of the stomach was found that was removed simultaneously. Histopathology showed that the pancreatic tumor was ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma (EHCC), and that the gastric nodule was gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery. He has been living without recurrence for over 7 years since surgery. Owing to our knowledge, this is the second-longest disease-free survival time for EHCC in the literature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we present a rare case of EHCC in the pancreas, and review the current literature on EHCC. Operation was an effective treatment for patients with curable EHCC. EHCC with metastasis still needs more practice to improve the poor prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.827006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T04:59:49Z","timestamp":1648702789000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Challenge in Diagnosis and Treatment of Ectopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Qicen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Ectopic liver","volume":"67","author":"Collan","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Chir Gynaecol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.17235\/reed.2019.6408\/2019","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma arising from the peritoneum","volume":"111","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Acitores","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i18.2268","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma mimicking a retroperitoneal tumor: a case report","volume":"26","author":"Adachi","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000131037.92864.df","article-title":"Ectopic liver and hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Caygill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2015.10.014","article-title":"Laparoscopic resection of recurrent ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report with review of the literature and guidelines for follow-up","volume":"17","author":"Aar\u00e5s","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2017.72403","article-title":"Pure hepatocellular carcinoma originates from an ectopic liver nodule located in the pancreas","volume":"21","author":"Braun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemp Oncol (Pozn)."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-016-2590-9","article-title":"A case report: delayed high fever and maculopapules during Sorafenib treatment of ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Cancer."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8968","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008968","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma manifesting multiple abdominal masses: a case report","volume":"96","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000314042","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma arising in the left triangular ligament of the liver","volume":"4","author":"Kanzaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1159\/000506929","article-title":"Unresectable ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib","volume":"14","author":"Ko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1159\/000441020","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma arising from the peritoneum in a patient with a history of oropharyngeal cancer: a case report","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6747","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006747","article-title":"Multiple ectopic hepatocellular carcinomas in the pancreas: a case report","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2010.09.003","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma arising from ectopic liver tissue in the spleen producing insulin-like growth factor II","volume":"207","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492311419460","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinomas developed in the chest wall and skull","volume":"19","author":"Nenekidis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4321\/S1130-01082014000200015","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma in the gallbladder","volume":"106","author":"Segura-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.4081\/rt.2010.e35","article-title":"Primary hepatocellular carcinoma in ectopic liver masquerading as left adrenal carcinoma: a rare occurrence","volume":"2","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rare Tumors."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.23195","article-title":"Pancreatic hepatoid carcinoma: a rare form of pancreatic neoplasm","volume":"43","author":"Soofi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2021.101900","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as a right adrenal mass with IVC thrombus: case report and review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200107000-00018","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma arising in the left chest wall: a long-term follow-up","volume":"13","author":"Asselah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-006-0353-8","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma arising from ectopic liver tissue in the pancreas","volume":"450","author":"Cardona","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9329-4","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma of the diaphragm","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-1908-6","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in an ectopic liver: CT findings","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4270","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i31.4270","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma arising from pancreas: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Kubota","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000131044.05434.f7","article-title":"Ectopic liver and hepatocarcinogenesis: report of three cases with four years' follow-up","volume":"16","author":"Leone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1872-4","article-title":"A case of ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma in the jejunum","volume":"41","author":"Shigemori","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(05)82944-7","article-title":"Case report: ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma arising from the left diaphragm","volume":"49","author":"Takayasu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Radiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s00534-004-0963-y","article-title":"Ectopic hepatocellular carcinoma arising in the bile duct","volume":"12","author":"Tsushimi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v12.i12.534","article-title":"Ectopic liver tissue (choristoma) on the gallbladder: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"12","author":"Akbulut","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2013.01.006","volume":"4","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290144","article-title":"Propensity of ectopic liver to hepatocarcinogenesis: case reports and a review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Arakawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, Md)."},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology, 5th Edn.","author":"Moore","year":"1993"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2004-0061","volume":"22","author":"von Mach","year":"2004","journal-title":"In vitro"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22596-z","article-title":"Transdifferentiation of pancreatic progenitor cells to hepatocyte-like cells is not serum-dependent when facilitated by extracellular matrix proteins","volume":"8","author":"Gratte","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1038\/35046522","article-title":"Molecular basis of transdifferentiation of pancreas to liver","volume":"2","author":"Shen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000401)88:7<1582::AID-CNCR12>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Hepatoid carcinoma of the pancreas","volume":"88","author":"Paner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.4103\/IJPM.IJPM_334_20","article-title":"Hepatoid adenocarcinoma of lung: a diagnostic challenge - Series of six cases with histopathological, predictive molecular and PD","volume":"64","author":"Pasricha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-021-02006-8","article-title":"Interaction between cadherins, vimentin, and V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 1 in gastric-type hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"156","author":"Gurzu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Histochem Cell Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00443.x","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic role of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma: both or neither?","volume":"101","author":"Farinati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-3731","article-title":"The impact of liver fibrosis on microvascular invasion and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma with a solitary nodule: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Surgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.827006\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T04:59:53Z","timestamp":1648702793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.827006\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fsurg.2022.827006"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2022.827006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-875X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-875X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"article-number":"827006"}}