{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T02:51:55Z","timestamp":1786589515430,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Surg."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many patients with clinically acute presentations have been approached differently. The fear of viral transmission along with the short period of study made patients delay their hospital visits and doctors reassess the approach of certain acute situations. This study aimed to assess the changes in the management of patients with acute cholecystitis before and during COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review of the literature using PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases was performed until 01 September 2021. Totally, two kinds of studies were included, those assessing the management of acute cholecystitis during COVID-19 and those comparing the periods before and during the pandemic. The outcomes recorded include management approaches, complications, and mean length of stay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A number of 15 eligible articles were included in the study. During the pandemic, six studies revealed a shift toward conservative management of acute cholecystitis and five of them reported that conservative management was opted in 73% of the patients. On the contrary, data from all studies revealed that the surgical approach was preferred in only 29.2% of patients. Furthermore, when comparing the periods before vs. during COVID-19, the conservative approach was reported in 36.3 and 43.2% before vs. during COVID-19, respectively, whereas surgical intervention was performed in 62.5% of patients before COVID-19 and 55.3% during the pandemic. The length of stay was delayed when a non-surgical approach was selected in most studies. Complications, mainly classified by the Clavien-Dindo scale, were higher in the pandemic period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A tendency toward more conservative approaches was observed in most studies, reversing the previously used surgical approach in most cases of acute cholecystitis. In most of the examined cases during the COVID-19 pandemic, antibiotic treatment and percutaneous cholecystostomy were much more considered and even preferred.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.871685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T07:00:00Z","timestamp":1649746800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["COVID-19 and Acute Cholecystitis Management: A Systematic Review of Current Literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Stavridis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Liosis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Konstantinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Kondylis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argyrios","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.045","article-title":"Burden of gastrointestinal, liver, and pancreatic diseases in the United States","volume":"149","author":"Peery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-016-0082-5","article-title":"2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis","volume":"11","author":"Ansaloni","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.515","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: diagnostic criteria and severity grading of acute cholecystitis (with videos)","volume":"25","author":"Yokoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.02.034","article-title":"World Health Organization declares global emergency: a review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"76","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Royal College of Surgeons2022"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"SAGES2022"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"EAES2022"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-020-00317-0","article-title":"Acute cholecystitis during COVID-19 pandemic: a multisocietary position statement","volume":"15","author":"Campanile","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"62","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"University of Oxford2022"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/ases.12980","article-title":"Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of acute cholecystitis and assessment of the crisis approach: a multicenter experience in Egypt","volume":"15","author":"Fouad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J Endosc Surg."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01137-y","article-title":"COVID-19 outbreak and acute cholecystitis in a Hub Hospital in Milan: wider indications for percutaneous cholecystostomy","volume":"21","author":"Barabino","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Surg."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-020-01534-7","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 pandemic on general surgical emergencies: are some emergencies really urgent? 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